从函数返回数据的最佳实践是什么?是返回Null对象好还是返回空对象好?为什么要选择一种而不是另一种呢?
考虑一下:
public UserEntity GetUserById(Guid userId)
{
//Imagine some code here to access database.....
//Check if data was returned and return a null if none found
if (!DataExists)
return null;
//Should I be doing this here instead?
//return new UserEntity();
else
return existingUserEntity;
}
让我们假设在这个程序中存在有效的情况，即数据库中没有具有该GUID的用户信息。我认为在这种情况下抛出异常是不合适的??另外，我的印象是异常处理会损害性能。
当前回答
更多的肉要磨:让我们说我的DAL返回一个NULL的GetPersonByID，正如一些建议。我的(相当薄)BLL应该做什么，如果它收到一个NULL?传递NULL，并让最终消费者担心它(在这种情况下，一个ASP。网络页面)?让BLL抛出一个异常怎么样?
BLL可能正在被ASP使用。Net和Win App，或者其他类库——我认为期望最终消费者本质上“知道”GetPersonByID方法返回null是不公平的(除非使用空类型，我猜)。
My take (for what it's worth) is that my DAL returns NULL if nothing is found. FOR SOME OBJECTS, that's ok - it could be a 0:many list of things, so not having any things is fine (e.g. a list of favourite books). In this case, my BLL returns an empty list. For most single entity things (e.g. user, account, invoice) if I don't have one, then that's definitely a problem and a throw a costly exception. However, seeing as retrieving a user by a unique identifier that's been previously given by the application should always return a user, the exception is a "proper" exception, as in it's exceptional. The end consumer of the BLL (ASP.Net, f'rinstance) only ever expects things to be hunky-dory, so an Unhandled Exception Handler will be used instead of wrapping every single call to GetPersonByID in a try - catch block.
如果我的方法有明显的问题，请让我知道，因为我总是渴望学习。正如其他帖子所说，异常是代价高昂的事情，“先检查”的方法是好的，但异常应该只是例外。
我很喜欢这篇文章，很多关于“视情况而定”的好建议:-)
其他回答
如果返回的对象是可以迭代的对象，我将返回一个空对象，这样我就不必首先测试null。
例子:
bool IsAdministrator(User user)
{
var groupsOfUser = GetGroupsOfUser(user);
// This foreach would cause a run time exception if groupsOfUser is null.
foreach (var groupOfUser in groupsOfUser)
{
if (groupOfUser.Name == "Administrators")
{
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
有趣的问题，我认为没有“正确”的答案，因为它总是取决于你的代码的职责。您的方法是否知道没有找到的数据是否存在问题?在大多数情况下，答案是“不”，这就是为什么返回null并让调用者处理他的情况是完美的。
也许区分抛出方法和返回null方法的一个好方法是在您的团队中找到一个约定:如果没有得到任何东西，表示它们“得到”某些东西的方法应该抛出异常。可能返回null的方法可以以不同的方式命名，可能是“Find…”。
我同意这里的大多数帖子，它们趋向于零。
我的理由是，生成一个具有非空属性的空对象可能会导致错误。例如，具有int ID属性的实体的初始值为ID = 0，这是一个完全有效的值。如果这个对象，在某些情况下，被保存到数据库中，这将是一件坏事。
对于任何带有迭代器的东西，我总是使用空集合。类似的
foreach (var eachValue in collection ?? new List<Type>(0))
在我看来是代码的味道。集合属性永远不应该为空。
An edge case is String. Many people say, String.IsNullOrEmpty isn't really necessary, but you cannot always distinguish between an empty string and null. Furthermore, some database systems (Oracle) won't distinguish between them at all ('' gets stored as DBNULL), so you're forced to handle them equally. The reason for that is, most string values either come from user input or from external systems, while neither textboxes nor most exchange formats have different representations for '' and null. So even if the user wants to remove a value, he cannot do anything more than clearing the input control. Also the distinction of nullable and non-nullable nvarchar database fields is more than questionable, if your DBMS is not oracle - a mandatory field that allows '' is weird, your UI would never allow this, so your constraints do not map. So the answer here, in my opinion is, handle them equally, always.
Concerning your question regarding exceptions and performance: If you throw an exception which you cannot handle completely in your program logic, you have to abort, at some point, whatever your program is doing, and ask the user to redo whatever he just did. In that case, the performance penalty of a catch is really the least of your worries - having to ask the user is the elephant in the room (which means re-rendering the whole UI, or sending some HTML through the internet). So if you don't follow the anti-pattern of "Program Flow with Exceptions", don't bother, just throw one if it makes sense. Even in borderline cases, such as "Validation Exception", performance is really not an issue, since you have to ask the user again, in any case.
它将根据上下文而变化，但如果我正在寻找一个特定的对象(如您的示例)，我通常会返回null，如果我正在寻找一组对象，但没有对象，则返回空集合。
如果你在代码中犯了一个错误，返回null会导致空指针异常，那么越早发现越好。如果您返回一个空对象，最初使用它可能会工作，但稍后可能会得到错误。
这是一个业务问题，取决于具有特定Guid Id的用户的存在是否是该函数的预期正常用例，还是会阻止应用程序成功完成该方法向用户对象提供的任何功能的异常情况……
如果它是一个“异常”，因为缺少具有该Id的用户将阻止应用程序成功完成它正在做的任何功能，(假设我们正在为我们已向其发货的客户创建发票……)，那么这种情况应该抛出ArgumentException(或其他一些自定义异常)。
如果没有用户(调用此函数的潜在正常结果之一)，则返回空值....
编辑:(处理亚当在另一个回答中的评论)
If the application contains multiple business processes, one or more of which require a User in order to complete successfully, and one or more of which can complete successfully without a user, then the exception should be thrown further up the call stack, closer to where the business processes which require a User are calling this thread of execution. Methods between this method and that point (where the exception is being thrown) should just communicate that no user exists (null, boolean, whatever - this is an implementation detail).
但是如果应用程序中的所有进程都需要一个用户，我仍然会在这个方法中抛出异常……
