printf()和cout在c++中的区别是什么?
当前回答
这里没有提到的两点我认为很重要:
1)如果你还没有使用STL, cout会携带很多包袱。它向目标文件中添加的代码是printf的两倍多。对于字符串也是如此，这也是我倾向于使用自己的字符串库的主要原因。
2) cout使用重载的<<操作符，我觉得这很不幸。如果还将<<运算符用于其预期目的(左移)，则会增加混淆。我个人不喜欢为了与其预期用途无关的目的而重载操作符。
底线:如果我已经在使用STL，我将使用cout(和字符串)。否则，我倾向于避免它。
其他回答
当然，你可以把“something”写得更好一点，以保持维护:
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;
class Something
{
public:
Something(int x, int y, int z) : a(x), b(y), c(z) { }
int a;
int b;
int c;
friend ostream& operator<<(ostream&, const Something&);
void print() const { printf("%i, %i, %i\n", a, b, c); }
};
ostream& operator<<(ostream& o, const Something& s)
{
o << s.a << ", " << s.b << ", " << s.c;
return o;
}
int main(void)
{
Something s(3, 2, 1);
// Output with printf
s.print(); // Simple as well, isn't it?
// Output with cout
cout << s << endl;
return 0;
}
还有一个cout vs. printf的扩展测试，如果有人想做更多的测试，添加了一个'double'的测试(Visual Studio 2008，可执行文件的发布版本):
#include <stdio.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <ctime>
class TimedSection {
char const *d_name;
//timespec d_start;
clock_t d_start;
public:
TimedSection(char const *name) :
d_name(name)
{
//clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &d_start);
d_start = clock();
}
~TimedSection() {
clock_t end;
//clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &end);
end = clock();
double duration = /*1e3 * (end.tv_sec - d_start.tv_sec) +
1e-6 * (end.tv_nsec - d_start.tv_nsec);
*/
(double) (end - d_start) / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
std::cerr << d_name << '\t' << std::fixed << duration * 1000.0 << " ms\n";
}
};
int main() {
const int iters = 1000000;
char const *text = "01234567890123456789";
{
TimedSection s("cout with only endl");
for (int i = 0; i < iters; ++i)
std::cout << std::endl;
}
{
TimedSection s("cout with only '\\n'");
for (int i = 0; i < iters; ++i)
std::cout << '\n';
}
{
TimedSection s("printf with only '\\n'");
for (int i = 0; i < iters; ++i)
printf("\n");
}
{
TimedSection s("cout with string constant and endl");
for (int i = 0; i < iters; ++i)
std::cout << "01234567890123456789" << std::endl;
}
{
TimedSection s("cout with string constant and '\\n'");
for (int i = 0; i < iters; ++i)
std::cout << "01234567890123456789\n";
}
{
TimedSection s("printf with string constant and '\\n'");
for (int i = 0; i < iters; ++i)
printf("01234567890123456789\n");
}
{
TimedSection s("cout with some stuff and endl");
for (int i = 0; i < iters; ++i)
std::cout << text << "01234567890123456789" << i << std::endl;
}
{
TimedSection s("cout with some stuff and '\\n'");
for (int i = 0; i < iters; ++i)
std::cout << text << "01234567890123456789" << i << '\n';
}
{
TimedSection s("printf with some stuff and '\\n'");
for (int i = 0; i < iters; ++i)
printf("%s01234567890123456789%i\n", text, i);
}
{
TimedSection s("cout with formatted double (width & precision once)");
std::cout << std::fixed << std::scientific << std::right << std::showpoint;
std::cout.width(8);
for (int i = 0; i < iters; ++i)
std::cout << text << 8.315 << i << '\n';
}
{
TimedSection s("cout with formatted double (width & precision on each call)");
std::cout << std::fixed << std::scientific << std::right << std::showpoint;
for (int i = 0; i < iters; ++i)
{ std::cout.width(8);
std::cout.precision(3);
std::cout << text << 8.315 << i << '\n';
}
}
{
TimedSection s("printf with formatted double");
for (int i = 0; i < iters; ++i)
printf("%8.3f%i\n", 8.315, i);
}
}
结果是:
cout with only endl 6453.000000 ms
cout with only '\n' 125.000000 ms
printf with only '\n' 156.000000 ms
cout with string constant and endl 6937.000000 ms
cout with string constant and '\n' 1391.000000 ms
printf with string constant and '\n' 3391.000000 ms
cout with some stuff and endl 9672.000000 ms
cout with some stuff and '\n' 7296.000000 ms
printf with some stuff and '\n' 12235.000000 ms
cout with formatted double (width & precision once) 7906.000000 ms
cout with formatted double (width & precision on each call) 9141.000000 ms
printf with formatted double 3312.000000 ms
cout<< "Hello";
printf("%s", "Hello");
两者都用于打印值。它们有完全不同的语法。c++两者都有，C 只有printf。
来自c++常见问题解答:
[15.1] Why should I use <iostream> instead of the traditional <cstdio>? Increase type safety, reduce errors, allow extensibility, and provide inheritability. printf() is arguably not broken, and scanf() is perhaps livable despite being error prone, however both are limited with respect to what C++ I/O can do. C++ I/O (using << and >>) is, relative to C (using printf() and scanf()): More type-safe: With <iostream>, the type of object being I/O'd is known statically by the compiler. In contrast, <cstdio> uses "%" fields to figure out the types dynamically. Less error prone: With <iostream>, there are no redundant "%" tokens that have to be consistent with the actual objects being I/O'd. Removing redundancy removes a class of errors. Extensible: The C++ <iostream> mechanism allows new user-defined types to be I/O'd without breaking existing code. Imagine the chaos if everyone was simultaneously adding new incompatible "%" fields to printf() and scanf()?! Inheritable: The C++ <iostream> mechanism is built from real classes such as std::ostream and std::istream. Unlike <cstdio>'s FILE*, these are real classes and hence inheritable. This means you can have other user-defined things that look and act like streams, yet that do whatever strange and wonderful things you want. You automatically get to use the zillions of lines of I/O code written by users you don't even know, and they don't need to know about your "extended stream" class.
另一方面，printf要快得多，因此在非常特定和有限的情况下，可以优先使用它而不是cout。总是先做侧写。(例如，参见http://programming-designs.com/2009/02/c-speed-test-part-2-printf-vs-cout/)
对于原语，使用哪个原语可能并不重要。当你想输出复杂的对象时它才有用。
例如，如果你有一门课，
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;
class Something
{
public:
Something(int x, int y, int z) : a(x), b(y), c(z) { }
int a;
int b;
int c;
friend ostream& operator<<(ostream&, const Something&);
};
ostream& operator<<(ostream& o, const Something& s)
{
o << s.a << ", " << s.b << ", " << s.c;
return o;
}
int main(void)
{
Something s(3, 2, 1);
// output with printf
printf("%i, %i, %i\n", s.a, s.b, s.c);
// output with cout
cout << s << endl;
return 0;
}
现在，上面的内容可能看起来并不是很好，但是让我们假设您必须在代码中的多个地方输出这些内容。不仅如此，假设您添加了一个字段“int d”。使用cout，您只需要在一个地方更改它。然而，使用printf，你可能需要在很多地方改变它，不仅如此，你还需要提醒自己输出哪些。
尽管如此，使用cout，您可以减少大量用于维护代码的时间，不仅如此，如果您在新应用程序中重用对象“Something”，您实际上不必担心输出。
人们经常声称printf要快得多。这在很大程度上是一个神话。我刚刚测试了一下，结果如下:
cout with only endl 1461.310252 ms
cout with only '\n' 343.080217 ms
printf with only '\n' 90.295948 ms
cout with string constant and endl 1892.975381 ms
cout with string constant and '\n' 416.123446 ms
printf with string constant and '\n' 472.073070 ms
cout with some stuff and endl 3496.489748 ms
cout with some stuff and '\n' 2638.272046 ms
printf with some stuff and '\n' 2520.318314 ms
结论:如果你只想要换行，使用printf;否则，cout几乎一样快，甚至更快。更多细节可以在我的博客上找到。
需要澄清的是，我并不是说iostreams总是比printf更好;我只是想说，你应该根据真实的数据做出明智的决定，而不是基于一些常见的、误导性的假设而胡乱猜测。
更新:这里是我用于测试的完整代码。使用g++编译，没有任何其他选项(除了用于计时的-lrt)。
#include <stdio.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <ctime>
class TimedSection {
char const *d_name;
timespec d_start;
public:
TimedSection(char const *name) :
d_name(name)
{
clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &d_start);
}
~TimedSection() {
timespec end;
clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &end);
double duration = 1e3 * (end.tv_sec - d_start.tv_sec) +
1e-6 * (end.tv_nsec - d_start.tv_nsec);
std::cerr << d_name << '\t' << std::fixed << duration << " ms\n";
}
};
int main() {
const int iters = 10000000;
char const *text = "01234567890123456789";
{
TimedSection s("cout with only endl");
for (int i = 0; i < iters; ++i)
std::cout << std::endl;
}
{
TimedSection s("cout with only '\\n'");
for (int i = 0; i < iters; ++i)
std::cout << '\n';
}
{
TimedSection s("printf with only '\\n'");
for (int i = 0; i < iters; ++i)
printf("\n");
}
{
TimedSection s("cout with string constant and endl");
for (int i = 0; i < iters; ++i)
std::cout << "01234567890123456789" << std::endl;
}
{
TimedSection s("cout with string constant and '\\n'");
for (int i = 0; i < iters; ++i)
std::cout << "01234567890123456789\n";
}
{
TimedSection s("printf with string constant and '\\n'");
for (int i = 0; i < iters; ++i)
printf("01234567890123456789\n");
}
{
TimedSection s("cout with some stuff and endl");
for (int i = 0; i < iters; ++i)
std::cout << text << "01234567890123456789" << i << std::endl;
}
{
TimedSection s("cout with some stuff and '\\n'");
for (int i = 0; i < iters; ++i)
std::cout << text << "01234567890123456789" << i << '\n';
}
{
TimedSection s("printf with some stuff and '\\n'");
for (int i = 0; i < iters; ++i)
printf("%s01234567890123456789%i\n", text, i);
}
}
