我尝试了各种方法，如LAB颜色空间，HSV比较，我发现光度在这个目的上非常有效。

这是Python版本

def lum(c):
    def factor(component):
        component = component / 255;
        if (component <= 0.03928):
            component = component / 12.92;
        else:
            component = math.pow(((component + 0.055) / 1.055), 2.4);

        return component
    components = [factor(ci) for ci in c]

    return (components[0] * 0.2126 + components[1] * 0.7152 + components[2] * 0.0722) + 0.05;

def color_distance(c1, c2):

    l1 = lum(c1)
    l2 = lum(c2)
    higher = max(l1, l2)
    lower = min(l1, l2)

    return (higher - lower) / higher


c1 = ImageColor.getrgb('white')
c2 = ImageColor.getrgb('yellow')
print(color_distance(c1, c2))

会给你

0.0687619047619048

我猜你最后想分析一幅完整的图像，对吧?所以你可以检查单位颜色矩阵的最小/最大差值。

大多数处理图形的数学操作都使用矩阵，因为使用矩阵的可能算法通常比经典的逐点距离和比较计算更快。(例如，对于使用DirectX, OpenGL，…的操作)

所以我认为你应该从这里开始:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_matrix

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_difference_equation

…正如Beska在上面评论的那样:

这可能不会带来最好的“可见”差异……

这也意味着，如果你在处理图像，你的算法取决于你对“相似”的定义。

颜色值有不止一个维度，所以没有内在的方法来比较两种颜色。您必须为您的用例确定颜色的含义，从而确定如何最好地比较它们。

很可能你想比较颜色的色相、饱和度和/或明度属性，而不是红/绿/蓝组件。如果你不知道如何比较它们，那就拿几对样品颜色，在心里比较一下，然后试着向自己证明/解释为什么它们相似/不同。

一旦你知道了你想要比较的颜色的哪些属性/成分，那么你就需要弄清楚如何从颜色中提取这些信息。

最有可能的是，你只需要将颜色从常见的RedGreenBlue表示转换为HueSaturationLightness，然后计算类似的东西

avghue = (color1.hue + color2.hue)/2
distance = abs(color1.hue-avghue)

这个例子会给你一个简单的标量值，指示颜色的渐变/色相彼此之间的距离。

参见维基百科上的HSL和HSV。

比较颜色的唯一“正确”方法是在CIELab或CIELuv中使用delta。

但对于很多应用，我认为这是一个足够好的近似:

子弹会= 3 * | diana | + 4个数2 + 3 * * |人物dG |专题| dB专题|

我认为在比较颜色时，加权曼哈顿距离更有意义。记住，颜色原色只存在于我们的大脑中。它们没有任何物理意义。CIELab和CIELuv是根据我们对颜色的感知建立的统计模型。

通过人类感知来比较两种颜色的最佳方法之一是CIE76。这个差值叫做e。当小于1时，人眼无法识别差异。

有一个很棒的颜色工具类ColorUtils(代码如下)，它包括CIE76比较方法。作者是苏黎世大学的丹尼尔·斯特雷贝尔。

从ColorUtils.class我使用的方法:

static double colorDifference(int r1, int g1, int b1, int r2, int g2, int b2)

r1,g1,b1 -第一种颜色的RGB值

r2,g2,b2 -您想比较的第二个颜色的RGB值

如果你使用Android，你可以得到这样的值:

r1 = Color.red(像素);

g1 = Color.green(像素);

b1 = Color.blue(像素);

ColorUtils.class作者:Daniel Strebel，苏黎世大学:

import android.graphics.Color;

public class ColorUtil {
public static int argb(int R, int G, int B) {
    return argb(Byte.MAX_VALUE, R, G, B);
}

public static int argb(int A, int R, int G, int B) {
    byte[] colorByteArr = {(byte) A, (byte) R, (byte) G, (byte) B};
    return byteArrToInt(colorByteArr);
}

public static int[] rgb(int argb) {
    return new int[]{(argb >> 16) & 0xFF, (argb >> 8) & 0xFF, argb & 0xFF};
}

public static int byteArrToInt(byte[] colorByteArr) {
    return (colorByteArr[0] << 24) + ((colorByteArr[1] & 0xFF) << 16)
            + ((colorByteArr[2] & 0xFF) << 8) + (colorByteArr[3] & 0xFF);
}

public static int[] rgb2lab(int R, int G, int B) {
    //http://www.brucelindbloom.com

    float r, g, b, X, Y, Z, fx, fy, fz, xr, yr, zr;
    float Ls, as, bs;
    float eps = 216.f / 24389.f;
    float k = 24389.f / 27.f;

    float Xr = 0.964221f;  // reference white D50
    float Yr = 1.0f;
    float Zr = 0.825211f;

    // RGB to XYZ
    r = R / 255.f; //R 0..1
    g = G / 255.f; //G 0..1
    b = B / 255.f; //B 0..1

    // assuming sRGB (D65)
    if (r <= 0.04045)
        r = r / 12;
    else
        r = (float) Math.pow((r + 0.055) / 1.055, 2.4);

    if (g <= 0.04045)
        g = g / 12;
    else
        g = (float) Math.pow((g + 0.055) / 1.055, 2.4);

    if (b <= 0.04045)
        b = b / 12;
    else
        b = (float) Math.pow((b + 0.055) / 1.055, 2.4);


    X = 0.436052025f * r + 0.385081593f * g + 0.143087414f * b;
    Y = 0.222491598f * r + 0.71688606f * g + 0.060621486f * b;
    Z = 0.013929122f * r + 0.097097002f * g + 0.71418547f * b;

    // XYZ to Lab
    xr = X / Xr;
    yr = Y / Yr;
    zr = Z / Zr;

    if (xr > eps)
        fx = (float) Math.pow(xr, 1 / 3.);
    else
        fx = (float) ((k * xr + 16.) / 116.);

    if (yr > eps)
        fy = (float) Math.pow(yr, 1 / 3.);
    else
        fy = (float) ((k * yr + 16.) / 116.);

    if (zr > eps)
        fz = (float) Math.pow(zr, 1 / 3.);
    else
        fz = (float) ((k * zr + 16.) / 116);

    Ls = (116 * fy) - 16;
    as = 500 * (fx - fy);
    bs = 200 * (fy - fz);

    int[] lab = new int[3];
    lab[0] = (int) (2.55 * Ls + .5);
    lab[1] = (int) (as + .5);
    lab[2] = (int) (bs + .5);
    return lab;
}

/**
 * Computes the difference between two RGB colors by converting them to the L*a*b scale and
 * comparing them using the CIE76 algorithm { http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_difference#CIE76}
 */
public static double getColorDifference(int a, int b) {
    int r1, g1, b1, r2, g2, b2;
    r1 = Color.red(a);
    g1 = Color.green(a);
    b1 = Color.blue(a);
    r2 = Color.red(b);
    g2 = Color.green(b);
    b2 = Color.blue(b);
    int[] lab1 = rgb2lab(r1, g1, b1);
    int[] lab2 = rgb2lab(r2, g2, b2);
    return Math.sqrt(Math.pow(lab2[0] - lab1[0], 2) + Math.pow(lab2[1] - lab1[1], 2) + Math.pow(lab2[2] - lab1[2], 2));
}
}

The best way is deltaE. DeltaE is a number that shows the difference of the colors. If deltae < 1 then the difference can't recognize by human eyes. I wrote a code in canvas and js for converting rgb to lab and then calculating delta e. On this example the code is recognising pixels which have different color with a base color that I saved as LAB1. and then if it is different makes those pixels red. You can increase or reduce the sensitivity of the color difference with increae or decrease the acceptable range of delta e. In this example I assigned 10 for deltaE in the line that I wrote (deltae <= 10):

<script>   
  var constants = {
    canvasWidth: 700, // In pixels.
    canvasHeight: 600, // In pixels.
    colorMap: new Array() 
          };



  // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

  function fillcolormap(imageObj1) {


    function rgbtoxyz(red1,green1,blue1){ // a converter for converting rgb model to xyz model
 var red2 = red1/255;
 var green2 = green1/255;
 var blue2 = blue1/255;
 if(red2>0.04045){
      red2 = (red2+0.055)/1.055;
      red2 = Math.pow(red2,2.4);
 }
 else{
      red2 = red2/12.92;
 }
 if(green2>0.04045){
      green2 = (green2+0.055)/1.055;
      green2 = Math.pow(green2,2.4);    
 }
 else{
      green2 = green2/12.92;
 }
 if(blue2>0.04045){
      blue2 = (blue2+0.055)/1.055;
      blue2 = Math.pow(blue2,2.4);    
 }
 else{
      blue2 = blue2/12.92;
 }
 red2 = (red2*100);
 green2 = (green2*100);
 blue2 = (blue2*100);
 var x = (red2 * 0.4124) + (green2 * 0.3576) + (blue2 * 0.1805);
 var y = (red2 * 0.2126) + (green2 * 0.7152) + (blue2 * 0.0722);
 var z = (red2 * 0.0193) + (green2 * 0.1192) + (blue2 * 0.9505);
 var xyzresult = new Array();
 xyzresult[0] = x;
 xyzresult[1] = y;
 xyzresult[2] = z;
 return(xyzresult);
} //end of rgb_to_xyz function
function xyztolab(xyz){ //a convertor from xyz to lab model
 var x = xyz[0];
 var y = xyz[1];
 var z = xyz[2];
 var x2 = x/95.047;
 var y2 = y/100;
 var z2 = z/108.883;
 if(x2>0.008856){
      x2 = Math.pow(x2,1/3);
 }
 else{
      x2 = (7.787*x2) + (16/116);
 }
 if(y2>0.008856){
      y2 = Math.pow(y2,1/3);
 }
 else{
      y2 = (7.787*y2) + (16/116);
 }
 if(z2>0.008856){
      z2 = Math.pow(z2,1/3);
 }
 else{
      z2 = (7.787*z2) + (16/116);
 }
 var l= 116*y2 - 16;
 var a= 500*(x2-y2);
 var b= 200*(y2-z2);
 var labresult = new Array();
 labresult[0] = l;
 labresult[1] = a;
 labresult[2] = b;
 return(labresult);

}

    var canvas = document.getElementById('myCanvas');
    var context = canvas.getContext('2d');
    var imageX = 0;
    var imageY = 0;

    context.drawImage(imageObj1, imageX, imageY, 240, 140);
    var imageData = context.getImageData(0, 0, 240, 140);
    var data = imageData.data;
    var n = data.length;
   // iterate over all pixels

    var m = 0;
    for (var i = 0; i < n; i += 4) {
      var red = data[i];
      var green = data[i + 1];
      var blue = data[i + 2];
    var xyzcolor = new Array();
    xyzcolor = rgbtoxyz(red,green,blue);
    var lab = new Array();
    lab = xyztolab(xyzcolor);
    constants.colorMap.push(lab); //fill up the colormap array with lab colors.         
      } 

  }

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    function colorize(pixqty) {

         function deltae94(lab1,lab2){    //calculating Delta E 1994

         var c1 = Math.sqrt((lab1[1]*lab1[1])+(lab1[2]*lab1[2]));
         var c2 =  Math.sqrt((lab2[1]*lab2[1])+(lab2[2]*lab2[2]));
         var dc = c1-c2;
         var dl = lab1[0]-lab2[0];
         var da = lab1[1]-lab2[1];
         var db = lab1[2]-lab2[2];
         var dh = Math.sqrt((da*da)+(db*db)-(dc*dc));
         var first = dl;
         var second = dc/(1+(0.045*c1));
         var third = dh/(1+(0.015*c1));
         var deresult = Math.sqrt((first*first)+(second*second)+(third*third));
         return(deresult);
          } // end of deltae94 function
    var lab11 =  new Array("80","-4","21");
    var lab12 = new Array();
    var k2=0;
    var canvas = document.getElementById('myCanvas');
                                        var context = canvas.getContext('2d');
                                        var imageData = context.getImageData(0, 0, 240, 140);
                                        var data = imageData.data;

    for (var i=0; i<pixqty; i++) {

    lab12 = constants.colorMap[i];

    var deltae = deltae94(lab11,lab12);     
                                        if (deltae <= 10) {

                                        data[i*4] = 255;
                                        data[(i*4)+1] = 0;
                                        data[(i*4)+2] = 0;  
                                        k2++;
                                        } // end of if 
                                } //end of for loop
    context.clearRect(0,0,240,140);
    alert(k2);
    context.putImageData(imageData,0,0);
} 
// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

$(window).load(function () {    
  var imageObj = new Image();
  imageObj.onload = function() {
  fillcolormap(imageObj);    
  }
  imageObj.src = './mixcolor.png';
});

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 var pixno2 = 240*140; 
 </script>