在逻辑层面上，电子邮件是天然的关键。 在物理层面上，如果您使用的是关系数据库，那么自然键并不适合作为主键。原因主要是别人提到的性能问题。

出于这个原因，设计可以进行调整。自然键成为替代键(UNIQUE, NOT NULL)，您使用代理键/人工键/技术键作为主键，在您的情况下，这可以是一个自动递增键。

systempuntoout问道:

如果有人想更改他的电子邮件地址怎么办?你是否也要更改所有外键?

这就是级联的作用。

使用数字代理键作为主键的另一个原因与索引在平台中的工作方式有关。例如，在MySQL的InnoDB中，表中的所有索引都预先挂起了主键，所以你希望PK尽可能小(为了速度和大小)。同样与此相关的是，当主键按顺序存储时，InnoDB会更快，而字符串在那里没有帮助。

使用字符串作为替代键时要考虑的另一件事是，使用您想要的实际字符串的哈希值可能更快，跳过一些字母的大写和小写。(实际上，我降落在这里是为了寻找证据来证实我刚才说的话;还看……)

字符串比较比int比较慢。但是，如果您只是使用电子邮件地址从数据库检索用户，那么这并不重要。如果您有多个连接的复杂查询，那么这很重要。

如果在多个表中存储有关用户的信息，则用户表的外键将是电子邮件地址。这意味着您将多次存储电子邮件地址。

使用电子邮件地址作为主键的缺点:

Slower when doing joins. Any other record with a posted foreign key now has a larger value, taking up more disk space. (Given the cost of disk space today, this is probably a trivial issue, except to the extent that the record now takes longer to read. See #1.) An email address could change, which forces all records using this as a foreign key to be updated. As email address don't change all that often, the performance problem is probably minor. The bigger problem is that you have to make sure to provide for it. If you have to write the code, this is more work and introduces the possibility of bugs. If your database engine supports "on update cascade", it's a minor issue.

使用电邮地址作主键的优点:

You may be able to completely eliminate some joins. If all you need from the "master record" is the email address, then with an abstract integer key you would have to do a join to retrieve it. If the key is the email address, then you already have it and the join is unnecessary. Whether this helps you any depends on how often this situation comes up. When you are doing ad hoc queries, it's easy for a human being to see what master record is being referenced. This can be a big help when trying to track down data problems. You almost certainly will need an index on the email address anyway, so making it the primary key eliminates one index, thus improving the performance of inserts as they now have only one index to update instead of two.

在我看来，这两种情况都不是十拿九稳的。当有实用的键时，我倾向于使用自然键，因为它们更容易使用，而且在大多数情况下，缺点并不太重要。

您可以通过使用整数主键来提高性能。

是的，如果您使用整数来代替会更好。您还可以将电子邮件列设置为唯一约束。

是这样的:

CREATE TABLE myTable(
    id integer primary key,
    email text UNIQUE
);

您应该使用整数主键。如果你需要电子邮件列是唯一的，为什么不简单地在该列上设置一个唯一索引呢?