字符串比较比int比较慢。但是，如果您只是使用电子邮件地址从数据库检索用户，那么这并不重要。如果您有多个连接的复杂查询，那么这很重要。

如果在多个表中存储有关用户的信息，则用户表的外键将是电子邮件地址。这意味着您将多次存储电子邮件地址。

如果只是要求电子邮件是唯一的，那么你可以用该列创建一个唯一的索引。

使用电子邮件地址作为主键的缺点:

Slower when doing joins. Any other record with a posted foreign key now has a larger value, taking up more disk space. (Given the cost of disk space today, this is probably a trivial issue, except to the extent that the record now takes longer to read. See #1.) An email address could change, which forces all records using this as a foreign key to be updated. As email address don't change all that often, the performance problem is probably minor. The bigger problem is that you have to make sure to provide for it. If you have to write the code, this is more work and introduces the possibility of bugs. If your database engine supports "on update cascade", it's a minor issue.

使用电邮地址作主键的优点:

You may be able to completely eliminate some joins. If all you need from the "master record" is the email address, then with an abstract integer key you would have to do a join to retrieve it. If the key is the email address, then you already have it and the join is unnecessary. Whether this helps you any depends on how often this situation comes up. When you are doing ad hoc queries, it's easy for a human being to see what master record is being referenced. This can be a big help when trying to track down data problems. You almost certainly will need an index on the email address anyway, so making it the primary key eliminates one index, thus improving the performance of inserts as they now have only one index to update instead of two.

在我看来，这两种情况都不是十拿九稳的。当有实用的键时，我倾向于使用自然键，因为它们更容易使用，而且在大多数情况下，缺点并不太重要。

主键应该选择一个静态属性。由于电子邮件地址不是静态的，可以被多个候选人共享，因此使用它们作为主键并不是一个好主意。此外，电子邮件地址通常是一定长度的字符串，可能大于唯一id，我们想使用[len(email_address)>len(unique_id)]，所以它将需要更多的空间，甚至最糟糕的是，它们被多次存储为外键。因此会导致性能下降。

Email是一个很好的唯一索引候选，但不是主键，如果它是一个主键，例如，你将无法更改联系人的电子邮件地址。 我认为你的连接查询也会变慢。

我不知道这在您的设置中是否可能是一个问题，但根据您的RDBMS，列的值可能是区分大小写的。PostgreSQL文档说:“如果你声明一个列为UNIQUE或PRIMARY KEY，隐式生成的索引是区分大小写的”。换句话说，如果您在一个以email为主键的表中接受用户输入进行搜索，并且用户提供“John@Doe.com”，那么您将找不到“john@doe.com”。