主键应该选择一个静态属性。由于电子邮件地址不是静态的，可以被多个候选人共享，因此使用它们作为主键并不是一个好主意。此外，电子邮件地址通常是一定长度的字符串，可能大于唯一id，我们想使用[len(email_address)>len(unique_id)]，所以它将需要更多的空间，甚至最糟糕的是，它们被多次存储为外键。因此会导致性能下降。

我还要指出，电子邮件是一个糟糕的选择，使一个独特的领域，有些人，甚至是小企业共享一个电子邮件地址。和电话号码一样，电子邮件也可以重复使用。Jsmith@somecompany.com很容易属于一年前的约翰·史密斯，两年后的茱莉亚·史密斯。

电子邮件的另一个问题是它们经常变化。如果你用这个键连接到其他表，那么你也必须更新其他表，当整个客户公司更改他们的电子邮件时，这可能会对性能造成相当大的影响(我曾经见过这种情况)。

您可以通过使用整数主键来提高性能。

使用电子邮件地址作为主键的缺点:

Slower when doing joins. Any other record with a posted foreign key now has a larger value, taking up more disk space. (Given the cost of disk space today, this is probably a trivial issue, except to the extent that the record now takes longer to read. See #1.) An email address could change, which forces all records using this as a foreign key to be updated. As email address don't change all that often, the performance problem is probably minor. The bigger problem is that you have to make sure to provide for it. If you have to write the code, this is more work and introduces the possibility of bugs. If your database engine supports "on update cascade", it's a minor issue.

使用电邮地址作主键的优点:

You may be able to completely eliminate some joins. If all you need from the "master record" is the email address, then with an abstract integer key you would have to do a join to retrieve it. If the key is the email address, then you already have it and the join is unnecessary. Whether this helps you any depends on how often this situation comes up. When you are doing ad hoc queries, it's easy for a human being to see what master record is being referenced. This can be a big help when trying to track down data problems. You almost certainly will need an index on the email address anyway, so making it the primary key eliminates one index, thus improving the performance of inserts as they now have only one index to update instead of two.

在我看来，这两种情况都不是十拿九稳的。当有实用的键时，我倾向于使用自然键，因为它们更容易使用，而且在大多数情况下，缺点并不太重要。

就我个人而言，我在设计数据库时不使用任何信息作为主键，因为我很可能在以后需要更改任何信息。我提供主键的唯一原因是，它方便从客户端执行大多数SQL操作，我的选择一直是自动增加整数类型。

您可能需要考虑任何适用的数据法规。电子邮件是个人信息，例如，如果你的用户是欧盟公民，那么根据GDPR，他们可以指示你从你的记录中删除他们的信息(记住，无论你在哪个国家，这都适用)。

如果出于参考完整性或审计等历史原因，需要将记录本身保存在数据库中，则使用代理键将允许您将所有个人数据字段设置为NULL。如果他们的个人数据是主键，这显然不那么容易