您可以通过使用整数主键来提高性能。

使用电子邮件地址作为主键的缺点:

Slower when doing joins. Any other record with a posted foreign key now has a larger value, taking up more disk space. (Given the cost of disk space today, this is probably a trivial issue, except to the extent that the record now takes longer to read. See #1.) An email address could change, which forces all records using this as a foreign key to be updated. As email address don't change all that often, the performance problem is probably minor. The bigger problem is that you have to make sure to provide for it. If you have to write the code, this is more work and introduces the possibility of bugs. If your database engine supports "on update cascade", it's a minor issue.

使用电邮地址作主键的优点:

You may be able to completely eliminate some joins. If all you need from the "master record" is the email address, then with an abstract integer key you would have to do a join to retrieve it. If the key is the email address, then you already have it and the join is unnecessary. Whether this helps you any depends on how often this situation comes up. When you are doing ad hoc queries, it's easy for a human being to see what master record is being referenced. This can be a big help when trying to track down data problems. You almost certainly will need an index on the email address anyway, so making it the primary key eliminates one index, thus improving the performance of inserts as they now have only one index to update instead of two.

在我看来，这两种情况都不是十拿九稳的。当有实用的键时，我倾向于使用自然键，因为它们更容易使用，而且在大多数情况下，缺点并不太重要。

我还要指出，电子邮件是一个糟糕的选择，使一个独特的领域，有些人，甚至是小企业共享一个电子邮件地址。和电话号码一样，电子邮件也可以重复使用。Jsmith@somecompany.com很容易属于一年前的约翰·史密斯，两年后的茱莉亚·史密斯。

电子邮件的另一个问题是它们经常变化。如果你用这个键连接到其他表，那么你也必须更新其他表，当整个客户公司更改他们的电子邮件时，这可能会对性能造成相当大的影响(我曾经见过这种情况)。

我对postgres不太熟悉。主键是一个很大的主题。我在这个网站(stackoverflow.com)上看到了一些很好的问题和答案。

我认为使用数字主键并在电子邮件列上使用UNIQUE INDEX可以获得更好的性能。电子邮件往往在长度上有所不同，可能不适合主键索引。

在这里和这里读点书。

不要使用电子邮件地址为主键，保持电子邮件的唯一性，但不要使用它为主键，使用用户id或用户名为主键

这很糟糕。假设某个电子邮件提供商倒闭了。用户会想要更改他们的电子邮件。如果你使用e-mail作为主键，用户的所有外键都将复制该电子邮件，这使得更改它非常困难……

．.． 我甚至还没有开始谈论性能考虑因素。