您可以通过使用整数主键来提高性能。

主键应该是唯一的常量

电子邮件地址随着季节的变化而变化。作为查找的辅助键很有用，但作为主键不太合适。

是的，如果您使用整数来代替会更好。您还可以将电子邮件列设置为唯一约束。

是这样的:

CREATE TABLE myTable(
    id integer primary key,
    email text UNIQUE
);

整数主键更好的另一个原因是当您在不同的表中引用电子邮件地址时。如果address本身是一个主键，那么在另一个表中你必须使用它作为一个键。所以你可以多次存储电子邮件地址。

这取决于桌子。如果表中的行表示电子邮件地址，那么电子邮件是最好的ID。如果不是，那么电子邮件不是一个好的ID。

使用电子邮件地址作为主键的缺点:

Slower when doing joins. Any other record with a posted foreign key now has a larger value, taking up more disk space. (Given the cost of disk space today, this is probably a trivial issue, except to the extent that the record now takes longer to read. See #1.) An email address could change, which forces all records using this as a foreign key to be updated. As email address don't change all that often, the performance problem is probably minor. The bigger problem is that you have to make sure to provide for it. If you have to write the code, this is more work and introduces the possibility of bugs. If your database engine supports "on update cascade", it's a minor issue.

使用电邮地址作主键的优点:

You may be able to completely eliminate some joins. If all you need from the "master record" is the email address, then with an abstract integer key you would have to do a join to retrieve it. If the key is the email address, then you already have it and the join is unnecessary. Whether this helps you any depends on how often this situation comes up. When you are doing ad hoc queries, it's easy for a human being to see what master record is being referenced. This can be a big help when trying to track down data problems. You almost certainly will need an index on the email address anyway, so making it the primary key eliminates one index, thus improving the performance of inserts as they now have only one index to update instead of two.

在我看来，这两种情况都不是十拿九稳的。当有实用的键时，我倾向于使用自然键，因为它们更容易使用，而且在大多数情况下，缺点并不太重要。