I think this is a case when a static query is just not the way to go. Dynamically build the list for your in clause, escape your single quotes, and dynamically build SQL. In this case you probably won't see much of a difference with any method due to the small list, but the most efficient method really is to send the SQL exactly as it is written in your post. I think it is a good habit to write it the most efficient way, rather than to do what makes the prettiest code, or consider it bad practice to dynamically build SQL.

I have seen the split functions take longer to execute than the query themselves in many cases where the parameters get large. A stored procedure with table valued parameters in SQL 2008 is the only other option I would consider, although this will probably be slower in your case. TVP will probably only be faster for large lists if you are searching on the primary key of the TVP, because SQL will build a temporary table for the list anyway (if the list is large). You won't know for sure unless you test it.

I have also seen stored procedures that had 500 parameters with default values of null, and having WHERE Column1 IN (@Param1, @Param2, @Param3, ..., @Param500). This caused SQL to build a temp table, do a sort/distinct, and then do a table scan instead of an index seek. That is essentially what you would be doing by parameterizing that query, although on a small enough scale that it won't make a noticeable difference. I highly recommend against having NULL in your IN lists, as if that gets changed to a NOT IN it will not act as intended. You could dynamically build the parameter list, but the only obvious thing that you would gain is that the objects would escape the single quotes for you. That approach is also slightly slower on the application end since the objects have to parse the query to find the parameters. It may or may not be faster on SQL, as parameterized queries call sp_prepare, sp_execute for as many times you execute the query, followed by sp_unprepare.

重用存储过程或参数化查询的执行计划可能会提高性能，但它会将您锁定在由执行的第一个查询决定的执行计划中。在许多情况下，这对于后续查询可能不太理想。在您的情况下，重用执行计划可能是一个加分项，但它可能根本没有任何区别，因为示例是一个非常简单的查询。

悬崖笔记:

对于您的情况，您所做的任何事情，无论是使用列表中固定数量的项进行参数化(如果不使用则为空)，动态地构建带有或不带有参数的查询，还是使用带有表值参数的存储过程，都不会产生太大的区别。不过，我的一般建议如下:

你的case/简单查询很少参数:

动态SQL，如果测试显示更好的性能，可能会使用参数。

具有可重用执行计划的查询，通过简单地更改参数或如果查询很复杂则调用多次:

带有动态参数的SQL。

带有大列表的查询:

具有表值参数的存储过程。如果列表变化很大，则在存储过程上使用WITH RECOMPILE，或者简单地使用不带参数的动态SQL为每个查询生成新的执行计划。

在我看来，正确的方法是将列表存储在字符串中(长度受DBMS支持的限制);唯一的技巧是(为了简化处理)我在字符串的开头和结尾都有一个分隔符(在我的例子中是一个逗号)。其思想是“动态规范化”，将列表转换为单列表，每个值包含一行。这让你可以转弯

In (ct1,ct2, ct3…卡通)

成一个

在(选择…)

或者(我可能更喜欢的解决方案)常规连接，如果你只是添加一个“distinct”来避免列表中重复值的问题。

不幸的是，分割字符串的技术是相当特定于产品的。 下面是SQL Server的版本:

 with qry(n, names) as
       (select len(list.names) - len(replace(list.names, ',', '')) - 1 as n,
               substring(list.names, 2, len(list.names)) as names
        from (select ',Doc,Grumpy,Happy,Sneezy,Bashful,Sleepy,Dopey,' names) as list
        union all
        select (n - 1) as n,
               substring(names, 1 + charindex(',', names), len(names)) as names
        from qry
        where n > 1)
 select n, substring(names, 1, charindex(',', names) - 1) dwarf
 from qry;

Oracle版本:

 select n, substr(name, 1, instr(name, ',') - 1) dwarf
 from (select n,
             substr(val, 1 + instr(val, ',', 1, n)) name
      from (select rownum as n,
                   list.val
            from  (select ',Doc,Grumpy,Happy,Sneezy,Bashful,Sleepy,Dopey,' val
                   from dual) list
            connect by level < length(list.val) -
                               length(replace(list.val, ',', ''))));

MySQL版本:

select pivot.n,
      substring_index(substring_index(list.val, ',', 1 + pivot.n), ',', -1) from (select 1 as n
     union all
     select 2 as n
     union all
     select 3 as n
     union all
     select 4 as n
     union all
     select 5 as n
     union all
     select 6 as n
     union all
     select 7 as n
     union all
     select 8 as n
     union all
     select 9 as n
     union all
     select 10 as n) pivot,    (select ',Doc,Grumpy,Happy,Sneezy,Bashful,Sleepy,Dopey,' val) as list where pivot.n <  length(list.val) -
                   length(replace(list.val, ',', ''));

(当然，“pivot”必须返回与的最大行数相同的行数 我们可以在列表中找到的项目)

你可以参数化每个值，就像这样:

string[] tags = new string[] { "ruby", "rails", "scruffy", "rubyonrails" };
string cmdText = "SELECT * FROM Tags WHERE Name IN ({0})";

string[] paramNames = tags.Select(
    (s, i) => "@tag" + i.ToString()
).ToArray();

string inClause = string.Join(", ", paramNames);
using (SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand(string.Format(cmdText, inClause))) {
    for(int i = 0; i < paramNames.Length; i++) {
       cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue(paramNames[i], tags[i]);
    }
}

这将给你:

cmd.CommandText = "SELECT * FROM Tags WHERE Name IN (@tag0, @tag1, @tag2, @tag3)"
cmd.Parameters["@tag0"] = "ruby"
cmd.Parameters["@tag1"] = "rails"
cmd.Parameters["@tag2"] = "scruffy"
cmd.Parameters["@tag3"] = "rubyonrails"

不，这不是对SQL注入开放的。唯一注入到CommandText中的文本不是基于用户输入的。它完全基于硬编码的“@tag”前缀和数组的索引。索引总是一个整数，不是用户生成的，并且是安全的。

用户输入的值仍然被填充到参数中，因此不存在漏洞。

编辑:

除了注入问题外，要注意构造命令文本以容纳可变数量的参数(如上所述)会阻碍SQL服务器利用缓存查询的能力。最终的结果是，您几乎肯定会在第一时间失去使用参数的价值(而不是仅仅将谓词字符串插入SQL本身)。

并不是说缓存的查询计划没有价值，但在我看来，这个查询还没有复杂到可以从中看到很多好处。虽然编译成本可能接近(甚至超过)执行成本，但仍然是毫秒级的。

如果你有足够的RAM，我希望SQL Server也能缓存一个用于常见参数计数的计划。我认为你总是可以添加五个参数，并让未指定的标签为NULL -查询计划应该是相同的，但这对我来说似乎很难看，我不确定它是否值得进行微观优化(尽管，在Stack Overflow上-它可能非常值得)。

此外，SQL Server 7及后续版本将自动参数化查询，因此从性能的角度来看，使用参数并不是真正必要的——然而，从安全的角度来看，它是至关重要的——特别是对于这样的用户输入数据。

对于这样数量可变的参数，我所知道的唯一方法是显式地生成SQL，或者做一些涉及用所需项填充临时表并与临时表连接的事情。

    create FUNCTION [dbo].[ConvertStringToList]


      (@str VARCHAR (MAX), @delimeter CHAR (1))
        RETURNS 
        @result TABLE (
            [ID] INT NULL)
    AS
    BEG

IN

    DECLARE @x XML 
    SET @x = '<t>' + REPLACE(@str, @delimeter, '</t><t>') + '</t>'

    INSERT INTO @result
    SELECT DISTINCT x.i.value('.', 'int') AS token
    FROM @x.nodes('//t') x(i)
    ORDER BY 1

RETURN
END

——你的查询

select * from table where id in ([dbo].[ConvertStringToList(YOUR comma separated string ,',')])

这是一个可重复使用的变化的解决方案在马克托罗特的优秀答案。

扩展方法:

public static class ParameterExtensions
{
    public static Tuple<string, SqlParameter[]> ToParameterTuple<T>(this IEnumerable<T> values)
    {
        var createName = new Func<int, string>(index => "@value" + index.ToString());
        var paramTuples = values.Select((value, index) => 
        new Tuple<string, SqlParameter>(createName(index), new SqlParameter(createName(index), value))).ToArray();
        var inClause = string.Join(",", paramTuples.Select(t => t.Item1));
        var parameters = paramTuples.Select(t => t.Item2).ToArray();
        return new Tuple<string, SqlParameter[]>(inClause, parameters);
    }
}

用法:

        string[] tags = {"ruby", "rails", "scruffy", "rubyonrails"};
        var paramTuple = tags.ToParameterTuple();
        var cmdText = $"SELECT * FROM Tags WHERE Name IN ({paramTuple.Item1})";

        using (var cmd = new SqlCommand(cmdText))
        {
            cmd.Parameters.AddRange(paramTuple.Item2);
        }