这里有很多很好的答案，

记忆: 静态变量只要类加载器存在(通常直到VM死亡)就存在，但这只是在大块对象/引用存储为静态的情况下。

模块化: 考虑IOC、依赖注入、代理等概念。所有这些都完全反对紧密耦合/静态实现。

其他缺点:线程安全性，可测试性

Its not very object oriented: One reason statics might be considered "evil" by some people is they are contrary the object-oriented paradigm. In particular, it violates the principle that data is encapsulated in objects (that can be extended, information hiding, etc). Statics, in the way you are describing using them, are essentially to use them as a global variable to avoid dealing with issues like scope. However, global variables is one of the defining characteristics of procedural or imperative programming paradigm, not a characteristic of "good" object oriented code. This is not to say the procedural paradigm is bad, but I get the impression your supervisor expects you to be writing "good object oriented code" and you're really wanting to write "good procedural code".

在Java中，当您开始使用静态时，有许多并不总是立即明显的陷阱。例如，如果在同一个VM中运行两个程序副本，它们会共享静态变量的值并混淆彼此的状态吗?或者当你扩展类时会发生什么，你能重写静态成员吗?您的虚拟机内存不足，因为您有疯狂的静态数据，并且内存不能为其他需要的实例对象回收?

Object Lifetime: Additionally, statics have a lifetime that matches the entire runtime of the program. This means, even once you're done using your class, the memory from all those static variables cannot be garbage collected. If, for example, instead, you made your variables non-static, and in your main() function you made a single instance of your class, and then asked your class to execute a particular function 10,000 times, once those 10,000 calls were done, and you delete your references to the single instance, all your static variables could be garbage collected and reused.

防止某些重复使用: 此外，静态方法不能用于实现接口，因此静态方法会阻止某些面向对象的特性的可用性。

Other Options: If efficiency is your primary concern, there might be other better ways to solve the speed problem than considering only the advantage of invocation being usually faster than creation. Consider whether the transient or volatile modifiers are needed anywhere. To preserve the ability to be inlined, a method could be marked as final instead of static. Method parameters and other variables can be marked final to permit certain compiler optimiazations based on assumptions about what can change those variables. An instance object could be reused multiple times rather than creating a new instance each time. There may be compliler optimization switches that should be turned on for the app in general. Perhaps, the design should be set up so that the 10,000 runs can be multi-threaded and take advantage of multi-processor cores. If portablity isn't a concern, maybe a native method would get you better speed than your statics do.

If for some reason you do not want multiple copies of an object, the singleton design pattern, has advantages over static objects, such as thread-safety (presuming your singleton is coded well), permitting lazy-initialization, guaranteeing the object has been properly initialized when it is used, sub-classing, advantages in testing and refactoring your code, not to mention, if at some point you change your mind about only wanting one instance of an object it is MUCH easier to remove the code to prevent duplicate instances than it is to refactor all your static variable code to use instance variables. I've had to do that before, its not fun, and you end up having to edit a lot more classes, which increases your risk of introducing new bugs...so much better to set things up "right" the first time, even if it seems like it has its disadvantages. For me, the re-work required should you decide down the road you need multiple copies of something is probably one of most compelling reasons to use statics as infrequently as possible. And thus I would also disagree with your statement that statics reduce inter-dependencies, I think you will end up with code that is more coupled if you have lots of statics that can be directly accessed, rather than an object that "knows how to do something" on itself.

a)关于程序的原因。

如果你有一个小型到中型的程序，其中静态变量Global。Foo被访问，对它的调用通常不知道从哪里来——没有路径，因此也没有时间轴，变量是如何到达这个地方的，它在哪里被使用。现在我怎么知道是谁设置了它的实际值呢?如果我现在修改它，我怎么知道会发生什么呢?我让grep覆盖整个源代码，收集所有访问，知道发生了什么。

如果你知道如何使用它，因为你只是写了代码，问题是看不见的，但如果你试着理解外国代码，你就会明白。

b)你真的只需要一个吗?

静态变量通常会阻止相同类型的多个程序在相同JVM中运行，但它们的值不同。您通常无法预见在哪些情况下您的程序的多个实例是有用的，但是如果它发展了，或者如果它对其他人有用，他们可能会遇到这样的情况，他们想要启动您的程序的多个实例。

只有那些在较长时间内不会被很多人密集使用的或多或少无用的代码才可能适合使用静态变量。

在你的文章中有两个主要问题。

First, about static variables. Static variables are completelly unnecesary and it's use can be avoided easily. In OOP languajes in general, and in Java particularlly, function parameters are pased by reference, this is to say, if you pass an object to a funciont, you are passing a pointer to the object, so you dont need to define static variables since you can pass a pointer to the object to any scope that needs this information. Even if this implies that yo will fill your memory with pointers, this will not necesary represent a poor performance because actual memory pagging systems are optimized to handle with this, and they will maintain in memory the pages referenced by the pointers you passed to the new scope; usage of static variables may cause the system to load the memory page where they are stored when they need to be accessed (this will happen if the page has not been accesed in a long time). A good practice is to put all that static stuf together in some little "configuration clases", this will ensure the system puts it all in the same memory page.

Second, about static methods. Static methods are not so bad, but they can quickly reduce performance. For example, think about a method that compares two objects of a class and returns a value indicating which of the objects is bigger (tipical comparison method) this method can be static or not, but when invoking it the non static form will be more eficient since it will have to solve only two references (one for each object) face to the three references that will have to solve the static version of the same method (one for the class plus two, one for each object). But as I say, this is not so bad, if we take a look at the Math class, we can find a lot of math functions defined as static methods. This is really more eficient than putting all these methods in the class defining the numbers, because most of them are rarelly used and including all of them in the number class will cause the class to be very complex and consume a lot of resources unnecesarilly.

总之:在处理静态或非静态方法时，避免使用静态变量，并找到正确的性能平衡。

PS:抱歉我的英语不好。

我发现静态变量使用起来更方便。而且我认为它们也很有效(如果我错了请纠正我)，因为如果我必须在一个类中对一个函数进行10,000次调用，我很乐意将方法设置为静态的，并在其上使用直接的class. methodcall()，而不是用10,000个类实例来混乱内存，对吗?

我明白你的想法，但一个简单的单例模式将做同样的事情，而不必实例化10,000个对象。

可以使用静态方法，但只能用于与对象域相关且不需要或使用对象的内部属性的函数。

ex:

public class WaterContainer {
    private int size;
    private int brand;
    ...etc

    public static int convertToGallon(int liters)...

    public static int convertToLiters(int gallon)...

}

如果我必须在一个类中对一个函数进行10,000次调用，我会 很高兴使方法静态和使用直接 使用class.methodCall()来代替内存中10,000的混乱 类的实例，对吧?

您必须平衡将数据封装到具有状态的对象中的需求，以及简单地计算某些数据上的函数的结果的需求。

此外，静态减少了对代码其他部分的相互依赖。

封装也是如此。在大型应用程序中，静态方法往往会产生意大利面条式的代码，并且不容易进行重构或测试。

其他答案也为反对过度使用静态数据提供了很好的理由。