用JavaScript实现单例模式的最简单/最干净的方法是什么?


当前回答

使用ES6类和私有静态字段。调用Singleton类的新实例将返回相同的实例。实例变量也是私有的,不能在类外部访问。

class Singleton {
  // # is a new Javascript feature that denotes private
  static #instance;

  constructor() {
    if (!Singleton.#instance) {
      Singleton.#instance = this
    } 
    return Singleton.#instance
  }

  get() {
    return Singleton.#instance;
  }
}

const a = new Singleton();
const b = new Singleton();
console.log(a.get() === b.get()) // true
console.log(Singleton.instance === undefined) // true

其他回答

我喜欢将单例模式和模块模式结合起来使用,并将初始化时分支与Global NS检查结合起来使用,并将它们包装在一个闭包中。

在初始化单例后环境不会改变的情况下,使用立即调用的object-literal来返回一个充满实用程序的模块,该模块将持续一段时间。

我没有传递任何依赖项,只是在它们自己的小世界中调用单例对象——唯一的目标是:为事件绑定/解绑定创建一个实用程序模块(设备方向/方向变化也可以在这种情况下工作)。

window.onload = ( function( _w ) {
    console.log.apply( console, ['it', 'is', 'on'] );
    ( {
        globalNS : function() {
            var nameSpaces = ["utils", "eventUtils"],
                nsLength = nameSpaces.length,
                possibleNS = null;

            outerLoop:
            for ( var i = 0; i < nsLength; i++ ) {
                if ( !window[nameSpaces[i]] ) {
                    window[nameSpaces[i]] = this.utils;
                    break outerLoop;
                };
            };
        },
        utils : {
            addListener : null,
            removeListener : null
        },
        listenerTypes : {
            addEvent : function( el, type, fn ) {
                el.addEventListener( type, fn, false );
            },
            removeEvent : function( el, type, fn ) {
                el.removeEventListener( type, fn, false );
            },
            attachEvent : function( el, type, fn ) {
                el.attachEvent( 'on'+type, fn );
            },
            detatchEvent : function( el, type, fn ) {
                el.detachEvent( 'on'+type, fn );
            }
        },
        buildUtils : function() {
            if ( typeof window.addEventListener === 'function' ) {
                this.utils.addListener = this.listenerTypes.addEvent;
                this.utils.removeListener = this.listenerTypes.removeEvent;
            } else {
                this.utils.attachEvent = this.listenerTypes.attachEvent;
                this.utils.removeListener = this.listenerTypes.detatchEvent;
            };
            this.globalNS();
        },
        init : function() {
            this.buildUtils();
        }
    } ).init();
} ( window ) );

我从JavaScript模式中得到了这个例子 用编码和设计模式构建更好的应用程序一书(Stoyan Stefanov著)。如果你需要一些简单的实现类,比如单例对象,你可以使用一个直接函数,如下所示:

var ClassName;

(function() {
    var instance;
    ClassName = function ClassName() {
        // If the private instance variable is already initialized, return a reference
        if(instance) {
            return instance;
        }
        // If the instance is not created, save a pointer of the original reference
        // to the private instance variable.
        instance = this;

        // All constructor initialization will be here
        // i.e.:
        this.someProperty = 0;
        this.someMethod = function() {
            // Some action here
        };
    };
}());

你可以通过下面的测试用例来检查这个例子:

// Extending defined class like singleton object using the new prototype property
ClassName.prototype.nothing = true;
var obj_1 = new ClassName();

// Extending the defined class like a singleton object using the new prototype property
ClassName.prototype.everything = true;
var obj_2 = new ClassName();

// Testing makes these two objects point to the same instance
console.log(obj_1 === obj_2); // Result is true, and it points to the same instance object

// All prototype properties work
// no matter when they were defined
console.log(obj_1.nothing && obj_1.everything
            && obj_2.nothing && obj_2.everything); // Result true

// Values of properties which are defined inside of the constructor
console.log(obj_1.someProperty); // Outputs 0
console.log(obj_2.someProperty); // Outputs 0

// Changing property value
obj_1.someProperty = 1;

console.log(obj_1.someProperty); // Output 1
console.log(obj_2.someProperty); // Output 1

console.log(obj_1.constructor === ClassName); // Output true

这种方法通过了所有测试用例,而当使用原型扩展时,私有静态实现将失败(它可以被修复,但并不简单),而公共静态实现则不太可取,因为实例是公开给公众的。

jsFiddly demo.

var singleton = (function () {

    var singleton = function(){
        // Do stuff
    }
    var instance = new singleton();
    return function(){
        return instance;
    }
})();

一个没有getInstance方法的解决方案。

我不确定我是否同意用模块模式来代替单例模式。我经常看到单例对象在完全没有必要的地方被使用和滥用,我确信模块模式填补了程序员使用单例对象的许多空白。然而,模块模式不是单例的。

模块模式:

var foo = (function () {
    "use strict";
    function aPrivateFunction() {}
    return { aPublicFunction: function () {...}, ... };
}());

在模块模式中初始化的所有内容都在声明Foo时发生。此外,模块模式可用于初始化构造函数,然后可以多次实例化构造函数。虽然模块模式是许多工作的正确工具,但它并不等同于单例模式。

单例模式:

简式

var Foo = function () {
    "use strict";
    if (Foo._instance) {
        // This allows the constructor to be called multiple times
        // and refer to the same instance. Another option is to
        // throw an error.
        return Foo._instance;
    }
    Foo._instance = this;
    // Foo initialization code
};
Foo.getInstance = function () {
    "use strict";
    return Foo._instance || new Foo();
}

长格式,使用模块模式

var Foo = (function () {
    "use strict";
    var instance; //prevent modification of "instance" variable
    function Singleton() {
        if (instance) {
            return instance;
        }
        instance = this;
        //Singleton initialization code
    }
    // Instance accessor
    Singleton.getInstance = function () {
        return instance || new Singleton();
    }
    return Singleton;
}());

在我提供的两个版本的单例模式中,构造函数本身都可以用作访问器:

var a,
    b;
a = new Foo(); // Constructor initialization happens here
b = new Foo();
console.log(a === b); //true

如果你不习惯这样使用构造函数,你可以在If (instance)语句中抛出一个错误,并坚持使用长形式:

var a,
    b;
a = Foo.getInstance(); // Constructor initialization happens here
b = Foo.getInstance();
console.log(a === b); // true

我还应该提到,单例模式很适合隐式构造函数模式:

function Foo() {
    if (Foo._instance) {
        return Foo._instance;
    }
    // If the function wasn't called as a constructor,
    // call it as a constructor and return the result
    if (!(this instanceof Foo)) {
        return new Foo();
    }
    Foo._instance = this;
}
var f = new Foo(); // Calls Foo as a constructor
-or-
var f = Foo(); // Also calls Foo as a constructor

您可以在每次新的执行中返回相同的实例-

function Singleton() {
    // lazy 
    if (Singleton.prototype.myInstance == undefined) {
        Singleton.prototype.myInstance = { description: "I am the instance"};
    }
    return Singleton.prototype.myInstance;
}

a = new Singleton();
b = new Singleton();
console.log(a); // { description: "I am the instance"};
console.log(b); // { description: "I am the instance"};
console.log(a==b); // true