我的经验告诉我:

offset floor(random() * N) limit 1并不比order by random() limit 1快。

我认为偏移量方法会更快，因为它可以节省在Postgres中排序的时间。事实证明并非如此。

从PostgreSQL 9.5开始，有一个新的语法专门用于从表中获取随机元素:

SELECT * FROM mytable TABLESAMPLE SYSTEM (5);

这个例子将给出mytable中5%的元素。

有关文档的更多说明:http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/sql-select.html

添加一个名为r的列，类型为serial。指数r。

假设我们有20万行，我们将生成一个随机数n，其中0 < n <= 200000。

选择r > n的行，按ASC排序，选择最小的行。

代码:

select * from YOUR_TABLE 
where r > (
    select (
        select reltuples::bigint AS estimate
        from   pg_class
        where  oid = 'public.YOUR_TABLE'::regclass) * random()
    )
order by r asc limit(1);

代码是自解释的。中间的子查询用于快速估计来自https://stackoverflow.com/a/7945274/1271094的表行数。

在应用程序级别，如果n >为行数或需要选择多行，则需要再次执行该语句。

我认为在postgreSQL中最好和最简单的方法是:

SELECT * FROM tableName ORDER BY random() LIMIT 1

这是一个对我有用的决定。我想这很容易理解和执行。

SELECT 
  field_1, 
  field_2, 
  field_2, 
  random() as ordering
FROM 
  big_table
WHERE 
  some_conditions
ORDER BY
  ordering 
LIMIT 1000;

select * from table order by random() limit 1000;

如果知道需要多少行，请检查tsm_system_rows。

tsm_system_rows

module provides the table sampling method SYSTEM_ROWS, which can be used in the TABLESAMPLE clause of a SELECT command. This table sampling method accepts a single integer argument that is the maximum number of rows to read. The resulting sample will always contain exactly that many rows, unless the table does not contain enough rows, in which case the whole table is selected. Like the built-in SYSTEM sampling method, SYSTEM_ROWS performs block-level sampling, so that the sample is not completely random but may be subject to clustering effects, especially if only a small number of rows are requested.

首先安装扩展

CREATE EXTENSION tsm_system_rows;

然后你的问题，

SELECT *
FROM table
TABLESAMPLE SYSTEM_ROWS(1000);