Python的禅宗

>>> import this
The Zen of Python, by Tim Peters

Beautiful is better than ugly.
Explicit is better than implicit.
Simple is better than complex.
Complex is better than complicated.
Flat is better than nested.
Sparse is better than dense.
Readability counts.
Special cases aren't special enough to break the rules.
Although practicality beats purity.
Errors should never pass silently.
Unless explicitly silenced.
In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess.
There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it.
Although that way may not be obvious at first unless you're Dutch.
Now is better than never.
Although never is often better than *right* now.
If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea.
If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea.
Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!

切片和可变性

复制清单

>>> x = [1,2,3]
>>> y = x[:]
>>> y.pop()
3
>>> y
[1, 2]
>>> x
[1, 2, 3]

替换列表

>>> x = [1,2,3]
>>> y = x
>>> y[:] = [4,5,6]
>>> x
[4, 5, 6]

命名格式

% -formatting接受字典(也应用%i/%s等验证)。

>>> print "The %(foo)s is %(bar)i." % {'foo': 'answer', 'bar':42}
The answer is 42.

>>> foo, bar = 'question', 123

>>> print "The %(foo)s is %(bar)i." % locals()
The question is 123.

由于locals()也是一个字典，您可以简单地将其作为字典传递，并从局部变量中获得% -替换。我认为这是不受欢迎的，但简化了事情。

新的样式格式

>>> print("The {foo} is {bar}".format(foo='answer', bar=42))

对象实例的方法替换

您可以替换已经创建的对象实例的方法。它允许你创建具有不同(例外)功能的对象实例:

>>> class C(object):
...     def fun(self):
...         print "C.a", self
...
>>> inst = C()
>>> inst.fun()  # C.a method is executed
C.a <__main__.C object at 0x00AE74D0>
>>> instancemethod = type(C.fun)
>>>
>>> def fun2(self):
...     print "fun2", self
...
>>> inst.fun = instancemethod(fun2, inst, C)  # Now we are replace C.a by fun2
>>> inst.fun()  # ... and fun2 is executed
fun2 <__main__.C object at 0x00AE74D0>

C.a在inst实例中被fun2()取代(self没有改变)。

或者，我们也可以使用new模块，但它自Python 2.6起就被贬低了:

>>> def fun3(self):
...     print "fun3", self
...
>>> import new
>>> inst.fun = new.instancemethod(fun3, inst, C)
>>> inst.fun()
fun3 <__main__.C object at 0x00AE74D0>

节点:这个解决方案不应该被用作继承机制的一般替代!但在某些特定的情况下(调试、模拟)，它可能非常方便。

警告:此解决方案不适用于内置类型和使用插槽的新样式类。

元组在for循环、列表推导式和生成器表达式中的解包:

>>> l=[(1,2),(3,4)]
>>> [a+b for a,b in l ] 
[3,7]

在这个习语中，用于迭代字典中的(键，数据)对:

d = { 'x':'y', 'f':'e'}
for name, value in d.items():  # one can also use iteritems()
   print "name:%s, value:%s" % (name,value)

打印:

name:x, value:y
name:f, value:e

小心可变默认参数

>>> def foo(x=[]):
...     x.append(1)
...     print x
... 
>>> foo()
[1]
>>> foo()
[1, 1]
>>> foo()
[1, 1, 1]

相反，你应该使用一个表示“not given”的哨兵值，并将其替换为你想要的默认值:

>>> def foo(x=None):
...     if x is None:
...         x = []
...     x.append(1)
...     print x
>>> foo()
[1]
>>> foo()
[1]