Python编程语言中有哪些鲜为人知但很有用的特性?
尽量将答案限制在Python核心。 每个回答一个特征。 给出一个例子和功能的简短描述，而不仅仅是文档链接。 使用标题作为第一行标记该特性。
快速链接到答案:
参数解包 牙套 链接比较运算符 修饰符 可变默认参数的陷阱/危险 描述符 字典默认的.get值 所以测试 省略切片语法 枚举 其他/ 函数作为iter()参数 生成器表达式 导入该 就地值交换 步进列表 __missing__物品 多行正则表达式 命名字符串格式化 嵌套的列表/生成器推导 运行时的新类型 .pth文件 ROT13编码 正则表达式调试 发送到发电机 交互式解释器中的制表符补全 三元表达式 试着/ / else除外 拆包+打印()函数 与声明
当前回答
Python的禅宗
>>> import this
The Zen of Python, by Tim Peters
Beautiful is better than ugly.
Explicit is better than implicit.
Simple is better than complex.
Complex is better than complicated.
Flat is better than nested.
Sparse is better than dense.
Readability counts.
Special cases aren't special enough to break the rules.
Although practicality beats purity.
Errors should never pass silently.
Unless explicitly silenced.
In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess.
There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it.
Although that way may not be obvious at first unless you're Dutch.
Now is better than never.
Although never is often better than *right* now.
If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea.
If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea.
Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
其他回答
操作符重载的集合内置:
>>> a = set([1,2,3,4])
>>> b = set([3,4,5,6])
>>> a | b # Union
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
>>> a & b # Intersection
{3, 4}
>>> a < b # Subset
False
>>> a - b # Difference
{1, 2}
>>> a ^ b # Symmetric Difference
{1, 2, 5, 6}
更多详细信息请参阅标准库参考:Set Types
你可以用类装饰函数——用类实例替换函数:
class countCalls(object):
""" decorator replaces a function with a "countCalls" instance
which behaves like the original function, but keeps track of calls
>>> @countCalls
... def doNothing():
... pass
>>> doNothing()
>>> doNothing()
>>> print doNothing.timesCalled
2
"""
def __init__ (self, functionToTrack):
self.functionToTrack = functionToTrack
self.timesCalled = 0
def __call__ (self, *args, **kwargs):
self.timesCalled += 1
return self.functionToTrack(*args, **kwargs)
在运行时更改函数标签:
>>> class foo:
... def normal_call(self): print "normal_call"
... def call(self):
... print "first_call"
... self.call = self.normal_call
>>> y = foo()
>>> y.call()
first_call
>>> y.call()
normal_call
>>> y.call()
normal_call
...
可以从一组长度为2的序列构建字典。当你有一个值列表和数组列表时，这非常方便。
>>> dict([ ('foo','bar'),('a',1),('b',2) ])
{'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'foo': 'bar'}
>>> names = ['Bob', 'Marie', 'Alice']
>>> ages = [23, 27, 36]
>>> dict(zip(names, ages))
{'Alice': 36, 'Bob': 23, 'Marie': 27}
Python解释器
>>>
也许不是不太为人所知，但肯定是我最喜欢的Python特性之一。
