我想为Bill Karwing的回答补充一些例子(顺便说一句，这很好)。 我还补充了一些执行上的关键差异，我觉得这是我所缺失的

引用部分来自[https://stackoverflow.com/a/350471/1984346] (Bill Karwing)的回答

代理、装饰器、适配器和桥接器都是“包装”类的变体。 但它们的用途不同。 当您希望延迟实例化对象时，可以使用代理 隐藏您正在调用远程服务或控制访问的事实 对物体。

ProxyClass和被代理的ObjectClass应该实现相同的接口，因此它们是可交换的

示例- proxy昂贵对象

class ProxyHumanGenome implements GenomeInterface  {
    private $humanGenome = NULL; 

    // humanGenome class is not instantiated at construct time
    function __construct() {
    }

    function getGenomeCount() {
        if (NULL == $this->humanGenome) {
            $this->instantiateGenomeClass(); 
        }
        return $this->humanGenome->getGenomeCount();
    }
} 
class HumanGenome implement GenomeInterface { ... }

Decorator也称为“智能代理”。这是在你需要的时候使用的 向一个对象添加功能，但不是通过扩展该对象的功能 类型。这允许您在运行时这样做。

DecoratorClass应该(可以)实现ObjectClass的扩展接口。所以ObjectClass可以被DecoratorClass替换，反之则不行。

示例-添加附加功能

class DecoratorHumanGenome implements CheckGenomeInterface  {

    // ... same code as previous example

    // added functionality
    public function isComplete() {
        $this->humanGenome->getCount >= 21000
    }
}

interface CheckGenomeInterface extends GenomeInterface {

    public function isComplete();

}

class HumanGenome implement GenomeInterface { ... }

适配器用于当您有一个抽象接口，并且您想要 将该接口映射到具有类似功能的另一个对象 角色，但是不同的接口。

实现差异代理，装饰器，适配器

Adapter为其主题提供了不同的接口。Proxy提供相同的接口。Decorator提供了增强的接口。

Bridge is very similar to Adapter, but we call it Bridge when you define both the abstract interface and the underlying implementation. I.e. you're not adapting to some legacy or third-party code, you're the designer of all the code but you need to be able to swap out different implementations. Facade is a higher-level (read: simpler) interface to a subsystem of one or more classes. Suppose you have a complex concept that requires multiple objects to represent. Making changes to that set of objects is confusing, because you don't always know which object has the method you need to call. That's the time to write a Facade that provides high-level methods for all the complex operations you can do to the collection of objects. Example: a Domain Model for a school section, with methods like countStudents(), reportAttendance(), assignSubstituteTeacher(), and so on.

这个答案中的大部分信息来自https://sourcemaking.com/design_patterns，我推荐它作为设计模式的优秀资源。

在许多GoF模式中有大量的重叠。它们都建立在多态性的力量之上，有时只是意图不同。(战略vs.国家)

在阅读了头部优先设计模式之后，我对模式的理解增加了100倍。

我强烈推荐!

在使用web服务时，我经常使用它。代理模式可能应该重命名为更实用的东西，比如“包装器模式”。我也有一个库，是一个代理到MS Excel。它使自动化Excel变得非常容易，而不必担心背景细节，如安装了什么版本(如果有的话)。

我相信代码会给出一个清晰的想法(补充其他答案)。请参见下面，(关注类实现和包装的类型)

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace TestConsole
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            /* Proxy */

            Console.WriteLine(Environment.NewLine);
            Console.WriteLine("PROXY");
            Console.WriteLine(Environment.NewLine);

            //instead of creating here create using a factory method, the facory method will return the proxy
            IReal realProxy = new RealProxy();
            Console.WriteLine("calling do work with the proxy object ");
            realProxy.DoWork();

            Console.WriteLine(Environment.NewLine);
            Console.WriteLine("ADAPTER");
            Console.WriteLine(Environment.NewLine);

            /*Adapter*/
            IInHand objectIHave = new InHand();
            Api myApi = new Api();
            //myApi.SomeApi(objectIHave); /*I cant do this, use a adapter then */
            IActual myAdaptedObject = new ActualAdapterForInHand(objectIHave);
            Console.WriteLine("calling api with  my adapted obj");
            myApi.SomeApi(myAdaptedObject);


            Console.WriteLine(Environment.NewLine);
            Console.WriteLine("DECORATOR");
            Console.WriteLine(Environment.NewLine);

            /*Decorator*/
            IReady maleReady = new Male();
            Console.WriteLine("now male is going to get ready himself");
            maleReady.GetReady();

            Console.WriteLine(Environment.NewLine);

            IReady femaleReady = new Female();
            Console.WriteLine("now female is going to get ready her self");
            femaleReady.GetReady();

            Console.WriteLine(Environment.NewLine);

            IReady maleReadyByBeautician = new Beautician(maleReady);
            Console.WriteLine("now male is going to get ready by beautician");
            maleReadyByBeautician.GetReady();

            Console.WriteLine(Environment.NewLine);

            IReady femaleReadyByBeautician = new Beautician(femaleReady);
            Console.WriteLine("now female is going to get ready by beautician");
            femaleReadyByBeautician.GetReady();

            Console.WriteLine(Environment.NewLine);

            Console.ReadLine();


        }
    }

    /*Proxy*/

    public interface IReal
    {
        void DoWork();
    }

    public class Real : IReal
    {
        public void DoWork()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("real is doing work ");
        }
    }


    public class RealProxy : IReal
    {
        IReal real = new Real();

        public void DoWork()
        {
            real.DoWork();
        }
    }

    /*Adapter*/

    public interface IActual
    {
        void DoWork();
    }

    public class Api
    {
        public void SomeApi(IActual actual)
        {
            actual.DoWork();
        }
    }

    public interface IInHand
    {
        void DoWorkDifferently();
    }

    public class InHand : IInHand
    {
        public void DoWorkDifferently()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("doing work slightly different ");
        }
    }

    public class ActualAdapterForInHand : IActual
    {
        IInHand hand = null;

        public ActualAdapterForInHand()
        {
            hand = new InHand();
        }

        public ActualAdapterForInHand(IInHand hnd)
        {
            hand = hnd;
        }

        public void DoWork()
        {
            hand.DoWorkDifferently();
        }
    }

    /*Decorator*/

    public interface IReady
    {
        void GetReady();
    }

    public class Male : IReady
    {
        public void GetReady()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Taking bath.. ");
            Console.WriteLine("Dress up....");
        }
    }

    public class Female : IReady
    {
        public void GetReady()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Taking bath.. ");
            Console.WriteLine("Dress up....");
            Console.WriteLine("Make up....");
        }
    }

    //this is a decorator
    public class Beautician : IReady
    {
        IReady ready = null;

        public Beautician(IReady rdy)
        {
            ready = rdy;
        }

        public void GetReady()
        {
            ready.GetReady();
            Console.WriteLine("Style hair ");

            if (ready is Female)
            {
                for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("doing ready process " + i);
                }

            }
        }
    }

}

说到细节实现，我发现代理和Decorator，适配器，Facade之间的区别…在这些模式的常见实现中，有一个被封闭对象包裹的目标对象。客户端使用外围对象而不是目标对象。目标对象实际上在一些封闭对象的方法中扮演着重要的角色。

而对于Proxy，外围对象可以自己扮演一些方法，它只是在客户端调用一些需要目标对象参与的方法时对目标对象进行初始化。这是惰性初始化。对于其他模式，封闭对象实际上是基于目标对象的。目标对象总是和构造函数/setter中的封闭对象一起初始化。

另一件事，代理所做的正是目标所做的，而其他模式则为目标添加了更多功能。

所有来自专家的好答案都已经解释了每种模式代表什么。

我将装饰关键点。

装饰:

在运行时向对象添加行为。继承是实现此功能的关键，这是此模式的优点和缺点。 它修改了界面的行为。

例如(带链接):java。io包类与InputStream和OutputStream接口相关

FileOutputStream fos1 = new FileOutputStream("data1.txt");  
ObjectOutputStream out1 = new ObjectOutputStream(fos1);

代理:

使用它进行延迟初始化，通过缓存对象和控制对客户端/调用者的访问来提高性能。它可以提供替代行为或调用真实对象。在此过程中，它可能会创建新的Object。 与Decorator(允许对象链接)不同，Proxy不允许对象链接。

例如:java。Rmi包类。

适配器:

它允许两个不相关的接口通过不同的对象一起工作，可能扮演相同的角色。 对原有界面进行修改。

例如:java.io.InputStreamReader (InputStream返回Reader)

桥:

它允许抽象和实现独立变化。 它使用复合而不是继承。

例如，java.util中的集合类。由ArrayList实现的List。

关键笔记:

Adapter provides a different interface to its subject. Proxy provides the same interface. Decorator provides an enhanced interface. Adapter changes an object's interface, Decorator enhances an object's responsibilities. Decorator and Proxy have different purposes but similar structures Adapter makes things work after they're designed; Bridge makes them work before they are. Bridge is designed up-front to let the abstraction and the implementation vary independently. Adapter is retrofitted to make unrelated classes work together Decorator is designed to let you add responsibilities to objects without subclassing.

看看关于各种设计模式示例的优秀SE问题/文章

什么时候使用装饰器模式?

什么时候使用桥接模式?它与适配器模式有何不同?

代理模式和装饰模式的区别