代理、装饰器、适配器和桥接器都是“包装”类的变体。但它们的用途不同。

Proxy could be used when you want to lazy-instantiate an object, or hide the fact that you're calling a remote service, or control access to the object. Decorator is also called "Smart Proxy." This is used when you want to add functionality to an object, but not by extending that object's type. This allows you to do so at runtime. Adapter is used when you have an abstract interface, and you want to map that interface to another object which has similar functional role, but a different interface. Bridge is very similar to Adapter, but we call it Bridge when you define both the abstract interface and the underlying implementation. I.e. you're not adapting to some legacy or third-party code, you're the designer of all the code but you need to be able to swap out different implementations. Facade is a higher-level (read: simpler) interface to a subsystem of one or more classes. Suppose you have a complex concept that requires multiple objects to represent. Making changes to that set of objects is confusing, because you don't always know which object has the method you need to call. That's the time to write a Facade that provides high-level methods for all the complex operations you can do to the collection of objects. Example: a Domain Model for a school section, with methods like countStudents(), reportAttendance(), assignSubstituteTeacher(), and so on.

在使用web服务时，我经常使用它。代理模式可能应该重命名为更实用的东西，比如“包装器模式”。我也有一个库，是一个代理到MS Excel。它使自动化Excel变得非常容易，而不必担心背景细节，如安装了什么版本(如果有的话)。

我相信代码会给出一个清晰的想法(补充其他答案)。请参见下面，(关注类实现和包装的类型)

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace TestConsole
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            /* Proxy */

            Console.WriteLine(Environment.NewLine);
            Console.WriteLine("PROXY");
            Console.WriteLine(Environment.NewLine);

            //instead of creating here create using a factory method, the facory method will return the proxy
            IReal realProxy = new RealProxy();
            Console.WriteLine("calling do work with the proxy object ");
            realProxy.DoWork();

            Console.WriteLine(Environment.NewLine);
            Console.WriteLine("ADAPTER");
            Console.WriteLine(Environment.NewLine);

            /*Adapter*/
            IInHand objectIHave = new InHand();
            Api myApi = new Api();
            //myApi.SomeApi(objectIHave); /*I cant do this, use a adapter then */
            IActual myAdaptedObject = new ActualAdapterForInHand(objectIHave);
            Console.WriteLine("calling api with  my adapted obj");
            myApi.SomeApi(myAdaptedObject);


            Console.WriteLine(Environment.NewLine);
            Console.WriteLine("DECORATOR");
            Console.WriteLine(Environment.NewLine);

            /*Decorator*/
            IReady maleReady = new Male();
            Console.WriteLine("now male is going to get ready himself");
            maleReady.GetReady();

            Console.WriteLine(Environment.NewLine);

            IReady femaleReady = new Female();
            Console.WriteLine("now female is going to get ready her self");
            femaleReady.GetReady();

            Console.WriteLine(Environment.NewLine);

            IReady maleReadyByBeautician = new Beautician(maleReady);
            Console.WriteLine("now male is going to get ready by beautician");
            maleReadyByBeautician.GetReady();

            Console.WriteLine(Environment.NewLine);

            IReady femaleReadyByBeautician = new Beautician(femaleReady);
            Console.WriteLine("now female is going to get ready by beautician");
            femaleReadyByBeautician.GetReady();

            Console.WriteLine(Environment.NewLine);

            Console.ReadLine();


        }
    }

    /*Proxy*/

    public interface IReal
    {
        void DoWork();
    }

    public class Real : IReal
    {
        public void DoWork()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("real is doing work ");
        }
    }


    public class RealProxy : IReal
    {
        IReal real = new Real();

        public void DoWork()
        {
            real.DoWork();
        }
    }

    /*Adapter*/

    public interface IActual
    {
        void DoWork();
    }

    public class Api
    {
        public void SomeApi(IActual actual)
        {
            actual.DoWork();
        }
    }

    public interface IInHand
    {
        void DoWorkDifferently();
    }

    public class InHand : IInHand
    {
        public void DoWorkDifferently()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("doing work slightly different ");
        }
    }

    public class ActualAdapterForInHand : IActual
    {
        IInHand hand = null;

        public ActualAdapterForInHand()
        {
            hand = new InHand();
        }

        public ActualAdapterForInHand(IInHand hnd)
        {
            hand = hnd;
        }

        public void DoWork()
        {
            hand.DoWorkDifferently();
        }
    }

    /*Decorator*/

    public interface IReady
    {
        void GetReady();
    }

    public class Male : IReady
    {
        public void GetReady()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Taking bath.. ");
            Console.WriteLine("Dress up....");
        }
    }

    public class Female : IReady
    {
        public void GetReady()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Taking bath.. ");
            Console.WriteLine("Dress up....");
            Console.WriteLine("Make up....");
        }
    }

    //this is a decorator
    public class Beautician : IReady
    {
        IReady ready = null;

        public Beautician(IReady rdy)
        {
            ready = rdy;
        }

        public void GetReady()
        {
            ready.GetReady();
            Console.WriteLine("Style hair ");

            if (ready is Female)
            {
                for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine("doing ready process " + i);
                }

            }
        }
    }

}

所有这四种模式都涉及到用外部对象/类包装内部对象/类，因此它们在结构上非常相似。我将通过目的来概述不同之处:

代理将访问从外部封装到内部。 装饰器用外部修改或扩展内部的行为。 适配器转换接口从内部到外部。 桥将行为的不变部分(外部)与变量或平台依赖部分(内部)分开。

通过内外物体之间的界面变化:

在代理接口中是相同的。 在Decorator接口中是相同的。 在适配器接口形式上不同，但实现相同的目的。 桥接接口在概念上是不同的。

这是引用自 头部优先的设计模式

定义属于书。例子属于我。

装饰器——不改变界面，但增加了责任。假设你有一个汽车界面， 当您为不同型号的汽车(s, sv, sl)实现此功能时，您可能需要为某些型号添加更多的职责。比如有天窗，安全气囊等。

适配器—将一个接口转换为另一个接口。你有一个汽车界面，你想让它像吉普车一样工作。所以你把车开过来，改装成吉普车。因为这不是真正的吉普车。但它就像一辆吉普车。

Facade -使界面更简单。假设你有汽车、飞机、轮船接口。实际上，你所需要的只是一个将人从一个位置发送到另一个位置的类。你想让门面决定用什么车。然后将所有这些接口引用收集到一个保护伞下，并让它决定/委托以保持简单。

首先:“facade不仅简化了接口，还将客户端与子系统解耦 的组件。 外观和适配器可以包装多个类，但是外观的目的是简化 适配器的作用是将接口转换为不同的东西。”

说到细节实现，我发现代理和Decorator，适配器，Facade之间的区别…在这些模式的常见实现中，有一个被封闭对象包裹的目标对象。客户端使用外围对象而不是目标对象。目标对象实际上在一些封闭对象的方法中扮演着重要的角色。

而对于Proxy，外围对象可以自己扮演一些方法，它只是在客户端调用一些需要目标对象参与的方法时对目标对象进行初始化。这是惰性初始化。对于其他模式，封闭对象实际上是基于目标对象的。目标对象总是和构造函数/setter中的封闭对象一起初始化。

另一件事，代理所做的正是目标所做的，而其他模式则为目标添加了更多功能。