告诉你8年前的log(n)意味着你必须把一个长度为nlog的东西切成两半的次数，让它变成大小为n=1:p

O(nlogn)通常是排序 O(n²)通常是比较所有元素对

我喜欢don neufeld的答案，但我想我可以加上O(nlog n)

使用简单分治策略的算法可能是O(log n)最简单的例子是在排序列表中查找某个东西。你不需要从头开始扫描。你走到中间，你决定是向后走还是向前走，跳到中途，直到你找到你要找的东西。

如果您查看快速排序或归并排序算法，您将看到它们都采用将列表分成两半，对每一半排序(使用相同的算法，递归地)，然后重新组合两半的方法。这种递归分治策略是O(nlog n)

If you think about it carefully, you'll see that quicksort does an O(n) partitioning algorithm on the whole n items, then an O(n) partitioning twice on n/2 items, then 4 times on n/4 items, etc... until you get to an n partitions on 1 item (which is degenerate). The number of times you divide n in half to get to 1 is approximately log n, and each step is O(n), so recursive divide and conquer is O(n log n). Mergesort builds the other way, starting with n recombinations of 1 item, and finishing with 1 recombination of n items, where the recombination of two sorted lists is O(n).

至于抽大麻写一个O(n!)算法，除非你别无选择。上面提到的旅行推销员问题被认为是这样一个问题。

不，O(n)算法并不意味着它将对每个元素执行操作。大o符号给了你一种方法来谈论你的算法的“速度”独立于你的实际机器。

O(n)表示算法花费的时间随着输入的增加而线性增长。O(n²)意味着你的算法花费的时间是你输入的平方。等等。

这可能太数学化了，但这是我的尝试。(我是数学家。)

如果某个东西是O(f(n))，那么它在n个元素上的运行时间将等于A f(n) + B(以时钟周期或CPU操作为单位)。理解这些常量A和B是非常关键的，它们来自特定的实现。B本质上代表你的操作的“常量开销”，例如你所做的一些预处理不依赖于集合的大小。A表示实际项目处理算法的速度。

关键在于，你可以使用大O符号来计算某物的可伸缩性。所以这些常数并不重要:如果你想弄清楚如何从10个项目扩展到10000个项目，谁会关心开销常数B呢?类似地，其他问题(见下文)肯定会超过乘法常数A的重要性。

So the real deal is f(n). If f grows not at all with n, e.g. f(n) = 1, then you'll scale fantastically---your running time will always just be A + B. If f grows linearly with n, i.e. f(n) = n, your running time will scale pretty much as best as can be expected---if your users are waiting 10 ns for 10 elements, they'll wait 10000 ns for 10000 elements (ignoring the additive constant). But if it grows faster, like n2, then you're in trouble; things will start slowing down way too much when you get larger collections. f(n) = n log(n) is a good compromise, usually: your operation can't be so simple as to give linear scaling, but you've managed to cut things down such that it'll scale much better than f(n) = n2.

实际上，这里有一些很好的例子:

O(1): retrieving an element from an array. We know exactly where it is in memory, so we just go get it. It doesn't matter if the collection has 10 items or 10000; it's still at index (say) 3, so we just jump to location 3 in memory. O(n): retrieving an element from a linked list. Here, A = 0.5, because on average you''ll have to go through 1/2 of the linked list before you find the element you're looking for. O(n2): various "dumb" sorting algorithms. Because generally their strategy involves, for each element (n), you look at all the other elements (so times another n, giving n2), then position yourself in the right place. O(n log(n)): various "smart" sorting algorithms. It turns out that you only need to look at, say, 10 elements in a 1010-element collection to intelligently sort yourself relative to everyone else in the collection. Because everyone else is also going to look at 10 elements, and the emergent behavior is orchestrated just right so that this is enough to produce a sorted list. O(n!): an algorithm that "tries everything," since there are (proportional to) n! possible combinations of n elements that might solve a given problem. So it just loops through all such combinations, tries them, then stops whenever it succeeds.

只是为了回应我上面帖子的一些评论:

Domenic - I'm on this site, and I care. Not for pedantry's sake, but because we - as programmers - typically care about precision. Using O( ) notation incorrectly in the style that some have done here renders it kind of meaningless; we may just as well say something takes n^2 units of time as O( n^2 ) under the conventions used here. Using the O( ) adds nothing. It's not just a small discrepancy between common usage and mathematical precision that I'm talking about, it's the difference between it being meaningful and it not.

我知道很多很多优秀的程序员都准确地使用这些术语。说“哦，我们是程序员，所以我们不在乎”会降低整个企业的成本。

一个接一个-嗯，不完全是，尽管我同意你的观点。对于任意大的n，它不是O(1)这是O()的定义。它只是表明O()对于有界n的适用性有限，在这里我们更愿意讨论所走的步数，而不是这个数字的界限。

Big-O背后的“直觉

想象一下，当x趋于无穷时，x上的两个函数f(x)和g(x)之间的“竞争”。

现在，如果从某一点开始(某个x点)，一个函数的值总是比另一个高，那么我们称这个函数比另一个“快”。

例如，对于每x > 100，你看到f(x) > g(x)，那么f(x)比g(x)“快”。

在这种情况下，我们可以说g(x) = O(f(x))F (x)对g(x)提出了某种“速度限制”，因为最终它超过了它，并将其永远甩在后面。

这并不完全是大o符号的定义，它还指出，对于某个常数C, f(x)只需要大于C*g(x)(这只是另一种说法，你不能通过将g(x)乘以常数因子来帮助g(x)赢得竞争- f(x)最终总是会赢)。正式的定义也使用绝对值。但我希望我能让它更直观。