有人必须吸可卡因才能写出O(x!)吗?

不用，用Prolog就行。如果您在Prolog中编写排序算法，只需描述每个元素都应该比前一个元素大，并让回溯为您进行排序，那么它将是O(x!)也称为“排列排序”。

这可能太数学化了，但这是我的尝试。(我是数学家。)

如果某个东西是O(f(n))，那么它在n个元素上的运行时间将等于A f(n) + B(以时钟周期或CPU操作为单位)。理解这些常量A和B是非常关键的，它们来自特定的实现。B本质上代表你的操作的“常量开销”，例如你所做的一些预处理不依赖于集合的大小。A表示实际项目处理算法的速度。

关键在于，你可以使用大O符号来计算某物的可伸缩性。所以这些常数并不重要:如果你想弄清楚如何从10个项目扩展到10000个项目，谁会关心开销常数B呢?类似地，其他问题(见下文)肯定会超过乘法常数A的重要性。

So the real deal is f(n). If f grows not at all with n, e.g. f(n) = 1, then you'll scale fantastically---your running time will always just be A + B. If f grows linearly with n, i.e. f(n) = n, your running time will scale pretty much as best as can be expected---if your users are waiting 10 ns for 10 elements, they'll wait 10000 ns for 10000 elements (ignoring the additive constant). But if it grows faster, like n2, then you're in trouble; things will start slowing down way too much when you get larger collections. f(n) = n log(n) is a good compromise, usually: your operation can't be so simple as to give linear scaling, but you've managed to cut things down such that it'll scale much better than f(n) = n2.

实际上，这里有一些很好的例子:

O(1): retrieving an element from an array. We know exactly where it is in memory, so we just go get it. It doesn't matter if the collection has 10 items or 10000; it's still at index (say) 3, so we just jump to location 3 in memory. O(n): retrieving an element from a linked list. Here, A = 0.5, because on average you''ll have to go through 1/2 of the linked list before you find the element you're looking for. O(n2): various "dumb" sorting algorithms. Because generally their strategy involves, for each element (n), you look at all the other elements (so times another n, giving n2), then position yourself in the right place. O(n log(n)): various "smart" sorting algorithms. It turns out that you only need to look at, say, 10 elements in a 1010-element collection to intelligently sort yourself relative to everyone else in the collection. Because everyone else is also going to look at 10 elements, and the emergent behavior is orchestrated just right so that this is enough to produce a sorted list. O(n!): an algorithm that "tries everything," since there are (proportional to) n! possible combinations of n elements that might solve a given problem. So it just loops through all such combinations, tries them, then stops whenever it succeeds.

要理解O(n log n)，请记住log n意味着log-base-2 (n)。然后看看每一部分:

O(n)是，当你对集合中的每一项进行操作时。

O(log n)是指操作的次数与取2的指数相同，以得到项目的数量。例如，二分搜索必须将集合切成log n的一半。

O(nlogn)是一个组合——你在对集合中的每一项进行二分搜索。高效的排序通常是对每个项目进行一次循环，并在每个循环中进行良好的搜索，以找到放置相关项目或组的正确位置。因此是n * log n。

我是这样想的，你有一个任务，要清理一个由坏人V引起的问题，他选择了N，你必须估计出当他增加N时，你需要多长时间来完成你的问题。

O(1) ->增加N并没有什么不同

O(log(N)) ->每次V翻倍N，你必须花费额外的时间T来完成任务。V又翻倍了N，你花了同样多的钱。

O(N) -> V N每翻一倍，花费的时间就翻一倍。

O(N²)- V N每翻一倍，花费的时间就增加4倍。(这不公平!!)

O(nlog (N)) -， V每翻一倍N，你就花两倍的时间，再多一点。

这些是算法的边界;计算机科学家想要描述大n值需要多长时间(当你分解密码学中使用的数字时，这很重要——如果计算机速度提高了10倍，你需要多使用多少位才能确保它们仍然需要100年而不是1年才能破解你的加密?)

有些界限可能有奇怪的表达式，如果它对涉及的人有影响的话。我在Knuth的《计算机编程艺术》中见过类似于O(nlog (N) log(log(N))的算法。(我一时想不起是哪一个了)

我喜欢don neufeld的答案，但我想我可以加上O(nlog n)

使用简单分治策略的算法可能是O(log n)最简单的例子是在排序列表中查找某个东西。你不需要从头开始扫描。你走到中间，你决定是向后走还是向前走，跳到中途，直到你找到你要找的东西。

如果您查看快速排序或归并排序算法，您将看到它们都采用将列表分成两半，对每一半排序(使用相同的算法，递归地)，然后重新组合两半的方法。这种递归分治策略是O(nlog n)

If you think about it carefully, you'll see that quicksort does an O(n) partitioning algorithm on the whole n items, then an O(n) partitioning twice on n/2 items, then 4 times on n/4 items, etc... until you get to an n partitions on 1 item (which is degenerate). The number of times you divide n in half to get to 1 is approximately log n, and each step is O(n), so recursive divide and conquer is O(n log n). Mergesort builds the other way, starting with n recombinations of 1 item, and finishing with 1 recombination of n items, where the recombination of two sorted lists is O(n).

至于抽大麻写一个O(n!)算法，除非你别无选择。上面提到的旅行推销员问题被认为是这样一个问题。

告诉你8年前的log(n)意味着你必须把一个长度为nlog的东西切成两半的次数，让它变成大小为n=1:p

O(nlogn)通常是排序 O(n²)通常是比较所有元素对