假设我们在代码中使用了一个矩形

r = new Rectangle();
// ...
r.setDimensions(1,2);
r.fill(colors.red());
canvas.draw(r);

在几何课上，我们学过正方形是一种特殊类型的矩形，因为它的长宽相等。让我们根据下面的信息创建一个Square类:

class Square extends Rectangle {
    setDimensions(width, height){
        assert(width == height);
        super.setDimensions(width, height);
    }
} 

如果我们在第一个代码中将矩形替换为正方形，那么它将会中断:

r = new Square();
// ...
r.setDimensions(1,2); // assertion width == height failed
r.fill(colors.red());
canvas.draw(r);

这是因为正方形有一个我们在矩形类中没有的新前提条件:width == height。根据LSP，矩形实例应该被矩形子类实例替代。这是因为这些实例通过了矩形实例的类型检查，因此它们将在代码中导致意外错误。

这是wiki文章中“在子类型中不能加强先决条件”部分的一个例子。因此，总而言之，违反LSP可能会在某些时候导致代码错误。

以Board数组的形式实现ThreeDBoard会有用吗?

也许你想把不同平面上的ThreeDBoard切片作为一个板。在这种情况下，您可能希望为Board抽象出一个接口(或抽象类)，以允许多种实现。

就外部接口而言，您可能希望为TwoDBoard和ThreeDBoard提取一个Board接口(尽管上述方法都不适合)。

利斯科夫替换原理

被重写的方法不应该保持为空 被重写的方法不应该抛出错误 基类或接口行为不应该因为派生类行为而进行修改(重做)。

LSP说“对象应该被它们的子类型替换”。 另一方面，这一原则指向

子类永远不应该破坏父类的类型定义。

通过以下示例，可以更好地理解LSP。

没有太阳能发电:

public interface CustomerLayout{

    public void render();
}


public FreeCustomer implements CustomerLayout {
     ...
    @Override
    public void render(){
        //code
    }
}


public PremiumCustomer implements CustomerLayout{
    ...
    @Override
    public void render(){
        if(!hasSeenAd)
            return; //it isn`t rendered in this case
        //code
    }
}

public void renderView(CustomerLayout layout){
    layout.render();
}

LSP修复:

public interface CustomerLayout{
    public void render();
}


public FreeCustomer implements CustomerLayout {
     ...
    @Override
    public void render(){
        //code
    }
}


public PremiumCustomer implements CustomerLayout{
    ...
    @Override
    public void render(){
        if(!hasSeenAd)
            showAd();//it has a specific behavior based on its requirement
        //code
    }
}

public void renderView(CustomerLayout layout){
    layout.render();
}

这里有一个清单来确定你是否违反了利斯科夫法则。

如果你违反了以下项目之一->，你违反了里斯科夫。 如果你不违反任何->不能得出任何结论。

检查表:

No new exceptions should be thrown in derived class: If your base class threw ArgumentNullException then your sub classes were only allowed to throw exceptions of type ArgumentNullException or any exceptions derived from ArgumentNullException. Throwing IndexOutOfRangeException is a violation of Liskov. Pre-conditions cannot be strengthened: Assume your base class works with a member int. Now your sub-type requires that int to be positive. This is strengthened pre-conditions, and now any code that worked perfectly fine before with negative ints is broken. Post-conditions cannot be weakened: Assume your base class required all connections to the database should be closed before the method returned. In your sub-class you overrode that method and left the connection open for further reuse. You have weakened the post-conditions of that method. Invariants must be preserved: The most difficult and painful constraint to fulfill. Invariants are sometimes hidden in the base class and the only way to reveal them is to read the code of the base class. Basically you have to be sure when you override a method anything unchangeable must remain unchanged after your overridden method is executed. The best thing I can think of is to enforce these invariant constraints in the base class but that would not be easy. History Constraint: When overriding a method you are not allowed to modify an unmodifiable property in the base class. Take a look at these code and you can see Name is defined to be unmodifiable (private set) but SubType introduces new method that allows modifying it (through reflection): public class SuperType { public string Name { get; private set; } public SuperType(string name, int age) { Name = name; Age = age; } } public class SubType : SuperType { public void ChangeName(string newName) { var propertyType = base.GetType().GetProperty("Name").SetValue(this, newName); } }

还有2项:方法参数的逆变性和返回类型的协方差。但这在c#中是不可能的(我是c#开发人员)，所以我不关心它们。

我在每个答案中都看到了矩形和正方形，以及如何违反LSP。

我想用一个真实的例子来展示LSP是如何符合的:

<?php

interface Database 
{
    public function selectQuery(string $sql): array;
}

class SQLiteDatabase implements Database
{
    public function selectQuery(string $sql): array
    {
        // sqlite specific code

        return $result;
    }
}

class MySQLDatabase implements Database
{
    public function selectQuery(string $sql): array
    {
        // mysql specific code

        return $result; 
    }
}

这种设计符合LSP，因为无论我们选择使用哪种实现，行为都不会改变。

是的，你可以在这个配置中违反LSP，做一个简单的改变，像这样:

<?php

interface Database 
{
    public function selectQuery(string $sql): array;
}

class SQLiteDatabase implements Database
{
    public function selectQuery(string $sql): array
    {
        // sqlite specific code

        return $result;
    }
}

class MySQLDatabase implements Database
{
    public function selectQuery(string $sql): array
    {
        // mysql specific code

        return ['result' => $result]; // This violates LSP !
    }
}

现在子类型不能以同样的方式使用，因为它们不再产生相同的结果。