我听说利斯科夫替换原则(LSP)是面向对象设计的基本原则。它是什么?它的一些使用例子是什么?
当前回答
到目前为止,我发现LSP最清晰的解释是“利斯科夫替换原则说,派生类的对象应该能够替换基类的对象,而不会给系统带来任何错误,也不会修改基类的行为”。文中给出了违反LSP的代码示例并进行了修复。
其他回答
以Board数组的形式实现ThreeDBoard会有用吗?
也许你想把不同平面上的ThreeDBoard切片作为一个板。在这种情况下,您可能希望为Board抽象出一个接口(或抽象类),以允许多种实现。
就外部接口而言,您可能希望为TwoDBoard和ThreeDBoard提取一个Board接口(尽管上述方法都不适合)。
我想每个人都了解LSP在技术上是什么:你基本上希望能够从子类型细节中抽象出来,并安全地使用超类型。
所以利斯科夫有3条基本规则:
Signature Rule : There should be a valid implementation of every operation of the supertype in the subtype syntactically. Something a compiler will be able to check for you. There is a little rule about throwing fewer exceptions and being at least as accessible as the supertype methods. Methods Rule: The implementation of those operations is semantically sound. Weaker Preconditions : The subtype functions should take at least what the supertype took as input, if not more. Stronger Postconditions: They should produce a subset of the output the supertype methods produced. Properties Rule : This goes beyond individual function calls. Invariants : Things that are always true must remain true. Eg. a Set's size is never negative. Evolutionary Properties : Usually something to do with immutability or the kind of states the object can be in. Or maybe the object only grows and never shrinks so the subtype methods shouldn't make it.
所有这些属性都需要保留,并且额外的子类型功能不应该违反超类型属性。
如果这三件事都处理好了,那么您就从底层的东西中抽象出来了,并且您正在编写松散耦合的代码。
来源:程序开发在Java -芭芭拉利斯科夫
设q(x)是关于类型为T的x的对象的可证明属性,那么q(y)对于类型为S的对象y应该是可证明的,其中S是T的子类型。
实际上,公认的答案并不是利斯科夫原理的反例。正方形自然是一个特定的矩形,因此从类矩形继承是完全有意义的。你只需要以这样的方式实现它:
@Override
public void setHeight(double height) {
this.height = height;
this.width = height; // since it's a square
}
@Override
public void setWidth(double width) {
setHeight(width);
}
所以,提供了一个很好的例子,然而,这是一个反例:
class Family:
-- getChildrenCount()
class FamilyWithKids extends Family:
-- getChildrenCount() { return childrenCount; } // always > 0
class DeadFamilyWithKids extends FamilyWithKids:
-- getChildrenCount() { return 0; }
-- getChildrenCountWhenAlive() { return childrenCountWhenAlive; }
在这个实现中,DeadFamilyWithKids不能从FamilyWithKids继承,因为getChildrenCount()返回0,而从FamilyWithKids它应该总是返回大于0的值。
长话短说,让我们留下矩形矩形和正方形,实际的例子,当扩展一个父类时,你必须要么保留确切的父API,要么扩展IT。
假设您有一个基本ItemsRepository。
class ItemsRepository
{
/**
* @return int Returns number of deleted rows
*/
public function delete()
{
// perform a delete query
$numberOfDeletedRows = 10;
return $numberOfDeletedRows;
}
}
以及扩展它的子类:
class BadlyExtendedItemsRepository extends ItemsRepository
{
/**
* @return void Was suppose to return an INT like parent, but did not, breaks LSP
*/
public function delete()
{
// perform a delete query
$numberOfDeletedRows = 10;
// we broke the behaviour of the parent class
return;
}
}
然后,您可以让客户端使用Base ItemsRepository API并依赖它。
/**
* Class ItemsService is a client for public ItemsRepository "API" (the public delete method).
*
* Technically, I am able to pass into a constructor a sub-class of the ItemsRepository
* but if the sub-class won't abide the base class API, the client will get broken.
*/
class ItemsService
{
/**
* @var ItemsRepository
*/
private $itemsRepository;
/**
* @param ItemsRepository $itemsRepository
*/
public function __construct(ItemsRepository $itemsRepository)
{
$this->itemsRepository = $itemsRepository;
}
/**
* !!! Notice how this is suppose to return an int. My clients expect it based on the
* ItemsRepository API in the constructor !!!
*
* @return int
*/
public function delete()
{
return $this->itemsRepository->delete();
}
}
当用子类替换父类破坏了API的契约时,LSP就被破坏了。
class ItemsController
{
/**
* Valid delete action when using the base class.
*/
public function validDeleteAction()
{
$itemsService = new ItemsService(new ItemsRepository());
$numberOfDeletedItems = $itemsService->delete();
// $numberOfDeletedItems is an INT :)
}
/**
* Invalid delete action when using a subclass.
*/
public function brokenDeleteAction()
{
$itemsService = new ItemsService(new BadlyExtendedItemsRepository());
$numberOfDeletedItems = $itemsService->delete();
// $numberOfDeletedItems is a NULL :(
}
}
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利斯科夫替换原理
(固体)
继承子类型化
维基里斯科夫替换原理(LSP)
在子类型中不能加强先决条件。 后置条件不能在子类型中减弱。 超类型的不变量必须保留在子类型中。
子类型不应该要求调用者提供比超类型更多的(先决条件) 子类型不应该为小于超类型的调用者公开(后置条件)
*前置条件+后置条件=函数(方法)类型[Swift函数类型。Swift函数与方法
//Swift function
func foo(parameter: Class1) -> Class2
//function type
(Class1) -> Class2
//Precondition
Class1
//Postcondition
Class2
例子
//C3 -> C2 -> C1
class C1 {}
class C2: C1 {}
class C3: C2 {}
前提条件(如。函数参数类型)可以相同或更弱(力求-> C1) 后置条件(如。函数返回类型)可以相同或更强(力求-> C3) 超类型的不变变量[About]应该保持不变
斯威夫特
class A {
func foo(a: C2) -> C2 {
return C2()
}
}
class B: A {
override func foo(a: C1) -> C3 {
return C3()
}
}
Java
class A {
public C2 foo(C2 a) {
return new C2();
}
}
class B extends A {
@Override
public C3 foo(C2 a) { //You are available pass only C2 as parameter
return new C3();
}
}
行为子类型化
维基里斯科夫替换原理(LSP)
子类型中方法参数类型的逆变性。子类型中方法返回类型的协方差。 子类型中的方法不能引发新的异常,除非它们是超类型的方法引发的异常的子类型。
[方差,协方差,逆变,不变性]