我喜欢对一些输入使用几乎正确的方法。这是一个“偏移”更高的版本。代码似乎有效，并通过了我的简单测试用例。

只需替换您的：

if(n < 410881L){...}

使用此代码：

if (n < 11043908100L) {
    //John Carmack hack, converted to Java.
    // See: http://www.codemaestro.com/reviews/9
    int i;
    float x2, y;

    x2 = n * 0.5F;
    y = n;
    i = Float.floatToRawIntBits(y);
    //using the magic number from 
    //http://www.lomont.org/Math/Papers/2003/InvSqrt.pdf
    //since it more accurate
    i = 0x5f375a86 - (i >> 1);
    y = Float.intBitsToFloat(i);
    y = y * (1.5F - (x2 * y * y));
    y = y * (1.5F - (x2 * y * y)); //Newton iteration, more accurate

    sqrt = Math.round(1.0F / y);
} else {
    //Carmack hack gives incorrect answer for n >= 11043908100.
    sqrt = (long) Math.sqrt(n);
}

这里有一个分而治之的解决方案。

如果自然数（数字）的平方根是自然数（解），您可以根据数字的位数轻松确定解的范围：

数字有1位：范围内的解=1-4数字有2位数：范围内的解=3-10数字有3位数：范围内的解=10-40数字有4位数字：范围=30-100数字有5位数：范围内的解=100-400

注意到重复了吗？

您可以在二进制搜索方法中使用此范围，以查看是否存在以下解决方案：

number == solution * solution

这是密码

这是我的类SquareRootChecker

public class SquareRootChecker {

    private long number;
    private long initialLow;
    private long initialHigh;

    public SquareRootChecker(long number) {
        this.number = number;

        initialLow = 1;
        initialHigh = 4;
        if (Long.toString(number).length() % 2 == 0) {
            initialLow = 3;
            initialHigh = 10;
        }
        for (long i = 0; i < Long.toString(number).length() / 2; i++) {
            initialLow *= 10;
            initialHigh *= 10;
        }
        if (Long.toString(number).length() % 2 == 0) {
            initialLow /= 10;
            initialHigh /=10;
        }
    }

    public boolean checkSquareRoot() {
        return findSquareRoot(initialLow, initialHigh, number);
    }

    private boolean findSquareRoot(long low, long high, long number) {
        long check = low + (high - low) / 2;
        if (high >= low) {
            if (number == check * check) {
                return true;
            }
            else if (number < check * check) {
                high = check - 1;
                return findSquareRoot(low, high, number);
            }
            else  {
                low = check + 1;
                return findSquareRoot(low, high, number);
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

}

下面是一个如何使用它的示例。

long number =  1234567;
long square = number * number;
SquareRootChecker squareRootChecker = new SquareRootChecker(square);
System.out.println(square + ": " + squareRootChecker.checkSquareRoot()); //Prints "1524155677489: true"

long notSquare = square + 1;
squareRootChecker = new SquareRootChecker(notSquare);
System.out.println(notSquare + ": " + squareRootChecker.checkSquareRoot()); //Prints "1524155677490: false"

你必须做一些基准测试。最佳算法将取决于输入的分布。

您的算法可能接近最佳，但在调用平方根例程之前，您可能需要快速检查以排除某些可能性。例如，通过按位“和”查看十六进制数字的最后一位。完美的正方形只能以0、1、4或9结尾，以16为底。因此，对于75%的输入（假设它们是均匀分布的），可以避免调用平方根，以换取一些非常快的位旋转。

Kip对实现十六进制技巧的以下代码进行了基准测试。当测试数字1到100000000时，此代码的运行速度是原始代码的两倍。

public final static boolean isPerfectSquare(long n)
{
    if (n < 0)
        return false;

    switch((int)(n & 0xF))
    {
    case 0: case 1: case 4: case 9:
        long tst = (long)Math.sqrt(n);
        return tst*tst == n;

    default:
        return false;
    }
}

当我在C++中测试类似的代码时，它实际上比原始代码运行得慢。然而，当我消除switch语句时，十六进制技巧再次使代码速度提高了一倍。

int isPerfectSquare(int n)
{
    int h = n & 0xF;  // h is the last hex "digit"
    if (h > 9)
        return 0;
    // Use lazy evaluation to jump out of the if statement as soon as possible
    if (h != 2 && h != 3 && h != 5 && h != 6 && h != 7 && h != 8)
    {
        int t = (int) floor( sqrt((double) n) + 0.5 );
        return t*t == n;
    }
    return 0;
}

消除switch语句对C#代码几乎没有影响。

如果你想要速度，考虑到整数的大小是有限的，我想最快的方法是（a）按大小划分参数（例如，按最大位集划分类别），然后对照该范围内的完美平方数组检查值。

我找到了一种比你的6位+卡马克+sqrt代码快35%的方法，至少在我的CPU（x86）和编程语言（C/C++）中是这样。您的结果可能会有所不同，特别是因为我不知道Java因素将如何发挥作用。

我的方法有三个方面：

首先，过滤掉显而易见的答案。这包括负数和查看最后4位。（我发现看最后六个没有帮助。）我也回答0是。（在阅读下面的代码时，请注意我的输入是int64x。）如果（x<0||（x&2）||（（x&7）==5）||（x&11）==8））return false；如果（x==0）返回true；接下来，检查它是否是模255＝3*5*17的平方。因为这是三个不同素数的乘积，所以只有大约1/8的模255残数是正方形。然而，根据我的经验，调用模运算符（%）的成本比获得的收益更高，因此我使用涉及255＝2^8-1的位技巧来计算残差。（不管是好是坏，我没有使用从单词中读取单个字节的技巧，只使用按位和和移位。）int64 y=x；y=（y&4294967295LL）+（y>>32）；y=（y&65535）+（y>>16）；y=（y&255）+（（y>>8）&255）=（y>>16）；//此时，y介于0和511之间。更多的代码可以进一步减少它。为了实际检查残差是否为正方形，我在预先计算的表中查找答案。如果（bad255[y]）return false；//然而，我只使用大小为512的表最后，尝试使用类似于Hensel引理的方法计算平方根。（我不认为它直接适用，但经过一些修改后可以使用。）在此之前，我用二进制搜索将2的所有幂除以：如果（（x&4294967295LL）==0）x>>=32；如果（（x&65535）==0）x>>=16；如果（（x&255）==0）x>>=8；如果（（x&15）==0）x>>=4；如果（（x&3）==0）x>>=2；在这一点上，我们的数字是一个正方形，它必须是1模8。如果（（x&7）！=1)return false；亨塞尔引理的基本结构如下。（注意：未经测试的代码；如果不起作用，请尝试t=2或8。）int64 t=4，r=1；t<<=1；r+=（（x-r*r）&t）>>1；t<<=1；r+=（（x-r*r）&t）>>1；t<<=1；r+=（（x-r*r）&t）>>1；//重复此操作，直到t为2^33左右。如果需要，请使用循环。其思想是，在每次迭代时，将一位加到r上，即x的“当前”平方根；每个平方根都是精确的模2的一个越来越大的幂，即t/2。最后，r和t/2-r将是x模t/2的平方根。（注意，如果r是x的平方根，那么-r也是如此。即使是模数，这也是正确的，但要注意，对某些数进行模运算，事物可能会有2个以上的平方根；值得注意的是，这包括2的幂。）因为我们的实际平方根小于2^32，所以在这一点上，我们实际上可以检查r或t/2-r是否是真正的平方根。在我的实际代码中，我使用了以下修改的循环：整数64 r，t，z；r=开始[（x>>3）&1023]；做{z=x-r*r；如果（z==0）返回true；如果（z<0）return false；t=z&（-z）；r+=（z&t）>>1；如果（r>（t>>1））r=t-r；}而（t<=（1LL<<33））；这里的加速是通过三种方式获得的：预先计算的开始值（相当于循环的约10次迭代）、提前退出循环以及跳过一些t值。对于最后一部分，我看z=r-x*x，用一个小技巧将t设为2除以z的最大幂。这允许我跳过t值，这些值无论如何都不会影响r的值。在我的例子中，预先计算的起始值选取模8192的“最小正”平方根。

Even if this code doesn't work faster for you, I hope you enjoy some of the ideas it contains. Complete, tested code follows, including the precomputed tables.

typedef signed long long int int64;

int start[1024] =
{1,3,1769,5,1937,1741,7,1451,479,157,9,91,945,659,1817,11,
1983,707,1321,1211,1071,13,1479,405,415,1501,1609,741,15,339,1703,203,
129,1411,873,1669,17,1715,1145,1835,351,1251,887,1573,975,19,1127,395,
1855,1981,425,453,1105,653,327,21,287,93,713,1691,1935,301,551,587,
257,1277,23,763,1903,1075,1799,1877,223,1437,1783,859,1201,621,25,779,
1727,573,471,1979,815,1293,825,363,159,1315,183,27,241,941,601,971,
385,131,919,901,273,435,647,1493,95,29,1417,805,719,1261,1177,1163,
1599,835,1367,315,1361,1933,1977,747,31,1373,1079,1637,1679,1581,1753,1355,
513,1539,1815,1531,1647,205,505,1109,33,1379,521,1627,1457,1901,1767,1547,
1471,1853,1833,1349,559,1523,967,1131,97,35,1975,795,497,1875,1191,1739,
641,1149,1385,133,529,845,1657,725,161,1309,375,37,463,1555,615,1931,
1343,445,937,1083,1617,883,185,1515,225,1443,1225,869,1423,1235,39,1973,
769,259,489,1797,1391,1485,1287,341,289,99,1271,1701,1713,915,537,1781,
1215,963,41,581,303,243,1337,1899,353,1245,329,1563,753,595,1113,1589,
897,1667,407,635,785,1971,135,43,417,1507,1929,731,207,275,1689,1397,
1087,1725,855,1851,1873,397,1607,1813,481,163,567,101,1167,45,1831,1205,
1025,1021,1303,1029,1135,1331,1017,427,545,1181,1033,933,1969,365,1255,1013,
959,317,1751,187,47,1037,455,1429,609,1571,1463,1765,1009,685,679,821,
1153,387,1897,1403,1041,691,1927,811,673,227,137,1499,49,1005,103,629,
831,1091,1449,1477,1967,1677,697,1045,737,1117,1737,667,911,1325,473,437,
1281,1795,1001,261,879,51,775,1195,801,1635,759,165,1871,1645,1049,245,
703,1597,553,955,209,1779,1849,661,865,291,841,997,1265,1965,1625,53,
1409,893,105,1925,1297,589,377,1579,929,1053,1655,1829,305,1811,1895,139,
575,189,343,709,1711,1139,1095,277,993,1699,55,1435,655,1491,1319,331,
1537,515,791,507,623,1229,1529,1963,1057,355,1545,603,1615,1171,743,523,
447,1219,1239,1723,465,499,57,107,1121,989,951,229,1521,851,167,715,
1665,1923,1687,1157,1553,1869,1415,1749,1185,1763,649,1061,561,531,409,907,
319,1469,1961,59,1455,141,1209,491,1249,419,1847,1893,399,211,985,1099,
1793,765,1513,1275,367,1587,263,1365,1313,925,247,1371,1359,109,1561,1291,
191,61,1065,1605,721,781,1735,875,1377,1827,1353,539,1777,429,1959,1483,
1921,643,617,389,1809,947,889,981,1441,483,1143,293,817,749,1383,1675,
63,1347,169,827,1199,1421,583,1259,1505,861,457,1125,143,1069,807,1867,
2047,2045,279,2043,111,307,2041,597,1569,1891,2039,1957,1103,1389,231,2037,
65,1341,727,837,977,2035,569,1643,1633,547,439,1307,2033,1709,345,1845,
1919,637,1175,379,2031,333,903,213,1697,797,1161,475,1073,2029,921,1653,
193,67,1623,1595,943,1395,1721,2027,1761,1955,1335,357,113,1747,1497,1461,
1791,771,2025,1285,145,973,249,171,1825,611,265,1189,847,1427,2023,1269,
321,1475,1577,69,1233,755,1223,1685,1889,733,1865,2021,1807,1107,1447,1077,
1663,1917,1129,1147,1775,1613,1401,555,1953,2019,631,1243,1329,787,871,885,
449,1213,681,1733,687,115,71,1301,2017,675,969,411,369,467,295,693,
1535,509,233,517,401,1843,1543,939,2015,669,1527,421,591,147,281,501,
577,195,215,699,1489,525,1081,917,1951,2013,73,1253,1551,173,857,309,
1407,899,663,1915,1519,1203,391,1323,1887,739,1673,2011,1585,493,1433,117,
705,1603,1111,965,431,1165,1863,533,1823,605,823,1179,625,813,2009,75,
1279,1789,1559,251,657,563,761,1707,1759,1949,777,347,335,1133,1511,267,
833,1085,2007,1467,1745,1805,711,149,1695,803,1719,485,1295,1453,935,459,
1151,381,1641,1413,1263,77,1913,2005,1631,541,119,1317,1841,1773,359,651,
961,323,1193,197,175,1651,441,235,1567,1885,1481,1947,881,2003,217,843,
1023,1027,745,1019,913,717,1031,1621,1503,867,1015,1115,79,1683,793,1035,
1089,1731,297,1861,2001,1011,1593,619,1439,477,585,283,1039,1363,1369,1227,
895,1661,151,645,1007,1357,121,1237,1375,1821,1911,549,1999,1043,1945,1419,
1217,957,599,571,81,371,1351,1003,1311,931,311,1381,1137,723,1575,1611,
767,253,1047,1787,1169,1997,1273,853,1247,413,1289,1883,177,403,999,1803,
1345,451,1495,1093,1839,269,199,1387,1183,1757,1207,1051,783,83,423,1995,
639,1155,1943,123,751,1459,1671,469,1119,995,393,219,1743,237,153,1909,
1473,1859,1705,1339,337,909,953,1771,1055,349,1993,613,1393,557,729,1717,
511,1533,1257,1541,1425,819,519,85,991,1693,503,1445,433,877,1305,1525,
1601,829,809,325,1583,1549,1991,1941,927,1059,1097,1819,527,1197,1881,1333,
383,125,361,891,495,179,633,299,863,285,1399,987,1487,1517,1639,1141,
1729,579,87,1989,593,1907,839,1557,799,1629,201,155,1649,1837,1063,949,
255,1283,535,773,1681,461,1785,683,735,1123,1801,677,689,1939,487,757,
1857,1987,983,443,1327,1267,313,1173,671,221,695,1509,271,1619,89,565,
127,1405,1431,1659,239,1101,1159,1067,607,1565,905,1755,1231,1299,665,373,
1985,701,1879,1221,849,627,1465,789,543,1187,1591,923,1905,979,1241,181};

bool bad255[512] =
{0,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,
 1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,
 0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,
 1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,
 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,
 1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,
 1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,
 1,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,
 0,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,
 1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,
 0,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,
 1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,
 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,
 1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,0,1,1,
 1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,1,
 1,0,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,0,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,
 0,0};

inline bool square( int64 x ) {
    // Quickfail
    if( x < 0 || (x&2) || ((x & 7) == 5) || ((x & 11) == 8) )
        return false;
    if( x == 0 )
        return true;

    // Check mod 255 = 3 * 5 * 17, for fun
    int64 y = x;
    y = (y & 4294967295LL) + (y >> 32);
    y = (y & 65535) + (y >> 16);
    y = (y & 255) + ((y >> 8) & 255) + (y >> 16);
    if( bad255[y] )
        return false;

    // Divide out powers of 4 using binary search
    if((x & 4294967295LL) == 0)
        x >>= 32;
    if((x & 65535) == 0)
        x >>= 16;
    if((x & 255) == 0)
        x >>= 8;
    if((x & 15) == 0)
        x >>= 4;
    if((x & 3) == 0)
        x >>= 2;

    if((x & 7) != 1)
        return false;

    // Compute sqrt using something like Hensel's lemma
    int64 r, t, z;
    r = start[(x >> 3) & 1023];
    do {
        z = x - r * r;
        if( z == 0 )
            return true;
        if( z < 0 )
            return false;
        t = z & (-z);
        r += (z & t) >> 1;
        if( r > (t  >> 1) )
            r = t - r;
    } while( t <= (1LL << 33) );
    
    return false;
}

当观察到正方形的最后n位时，我检查了所有可能的结果。通过连续检查更多位，可以消除多达5/6的输入。我实际上是为了实现费马的因子分解算法而设计的，而且速度非常快。

public static boolean isSquare(final long val) {
   if ((val & 2) == 2 || (val & 7) == 5) {
     return false;
   }
   if ((val & 11) == 8 || (val & 31) == 20) {
     return false;
   }

   if ((val & 47) == 32 || (val & 127) == 80) {
     return false;
   }

   if ((val & 191) == 128 || (val & 511) == 320) {
     return false;
   }

   // if((val & a == b) || (val & c == d){
   //   return false;
   // }

   if (!modSq[(int) (val % modSq.length)]) {
        return false;
   }

   final long root = (long) Math.sqrt(val);
   return root * root == val;
}

伪代码的最后一位可用于扩展测试以消除更多值。上述测试针对k=0、1、2、3

a的形式为（3<<2k）-1b的形式为（2<<2k）c的形式为（2<<2k+2）-1d的形式为（2<<2k-1）*10

它首先测试它是否具有幂模为2的平方残差，然后根据最终模量进行测试，然后使用Math.sqrt进行最终测试。我从最上面的帖子中提出了这个想法，并试图扩展它。我感谢任何评论或建议。

更新：使用模数（modSq）和44352的模数基数的测试，我的测试在OP更新中的96%的时间内运行，最多可达1000000000。