extern keyword before a symbol (a var or function) tells the linker that it(the source file) uses an external symbol. This can be seen by running nm -a on such an object file (.o) which uses or assigns a value to a extern var (remember to declare a extern symbol on top like this extern int x or still better, use a header file with extern before vars and functions can be without extern; then in main assign a value to it like this x=5;), i find undefined bss info (letter B written) against such an extern var(symbol). This means x is still unresolved and will be resolved when ld is run (during link-time).

why always use extern in headers? If i don't use extern, just declare int x, the declaration becomes sort-of strong and without extern, and this redifines the same variable in every source that includes the header, effectively shadowing the original variable. therefore with just int x in a.h header, I redefine a new global variable x in every source that include this a.h. This var in the source, this without-extern var decl in headers shadows(it doesn't shadow exactly, it's redifining a global variable x in every source code that includes the header with just int x, without extern, when i include such header and try to compile .o from such files, every .o has its own definition of this global variable x which was included in the header without extern, and at the time of linking, I get the error multiple definition of variable or symbol x) an important variable defined somewhere of somewhere else in the source files. Important! it is necessary to use extern before vars in headers. Functions are already extern by-default.

                 declare | define   | initialize |
                ----------------------------------

extern int a;    yes          no           no
-------------
int a = 2019;    yes          yes          yes
-------------
int a;           yes          yes          no
-------------

声明不会分配内存(必须为分配内存而定义变量)，但定义会。 这只是对extern关键字的另一种简单看法，因为其他答案真的很棒。

Extern关键字与变量一起使用，以将其标识为全局变量。

它还表示可以使用使用extern声明的变量 关键字在任何文件中，尽管它在其他文件中声明/定义。

Extern是用于声明变量本身驻留在另一个翻译单元中的关键字。

因此，您可以决定在一个转换单元中使用一个变量，然后从另一个转换单元访问它，然后在第二个转换单元中将其声明为extern，符号将由链接器解析。

如果不将其声明为extern，则会得到两个名称相同但完全不相关的变量，并且变量的多个定义存在错误。

首先，extern关键字不用于定义变量;相反，它用于声明变量。我可以说extern是一个存储类，而不是数据类型。

extern用于让其他C文件或外部组件知道这个变量已经在某处定义。例如:如果你正在构建一个库，不需要在库本身的某个地方强制定义全局变量。库将直接编译，但在链接文件时，它将检查定义。

添加extern将变量定义转换为变量声明。关于声明和定义之间的区别，请参阅本线程。