extern keyword before a symbol (a var or function) tells the linker that it(the source file) uses an external symbol. This can be seen by running nm -a on such an object file (.o) which uses or assigns a value to a extern var (remember to declare a extern symbol on top like this extern int x or still better, use a header file with extern before vars and functions can be without extern; then in main assign a value to it like this x=5;), i find undefined bss info (letter B written) against such an extern var(symbol). This means x is still unresolved and will be resolved when ld is run (during link-time).

why always use extern in headers? If i don't use extern, just declare int x, the declaration becomes sort-of strong and without extern, and this redifines the same variable in every source that includes the header, effectively shadowing the original variable. therefore with just int x in a.h header, I redefine a new global variable x in every source that include this a.h. This var in the source, this without-extern var decl in headers shadows(it doesn't shadow exactly, it's redifining a global variable x in every source code that includes the header with just int x, without extern, when i include such header and try to compile .o from such files, every .o has its own definition of this global variable x which was included in the header without extern, and at the time of linking, I get the error multiple definition of variable or symbol x) an important variable defined somewhere of somewhere else in the source files. Important! it is necessary to use extern before vars in headers. Functions are already extern by-default.

extern变量是在另一个翻译单元中定义的变量的声明(感谢sbi的更正)。这意味着变量的存储空间被分配到另一个文件中。

假设您有两个.c文件test1.c和test2.c。如果你定义一个全局变量int test1_var;在test1.c中你想访问test2.c中的这个变量你必须使用extern int test1_var;在test2.c。

完整的示例:

$ cat test1.c 
int test1_var = 5;
$ cat test2.c
#include <stdio.h>

extern int test1_var;

int main(void) {
    printf("test1_var = %d\n", test1_var);
    return 0;
}
$ gcc test1.c test2.c -o test
$ ./test
test1_var = 5

添加extern将变量定义转换为变量声明。关于声明和定义之间的区别，请参阅本线程。

走读生 允许程序的一个模块访问程序的另一个模块中声明的全局变量或函数。 通常在头文件中声明extern变量。

如果你不想让一个程序访问你的变量或函数，你可以使用static，它告诉编译器这个变量或函数不能在这个模块之外使用。

Extern关键字与变量一起使用，以将其标识为全局变量。

它还表示可以使用使用extern声明的变量 关键字在任何文件中，尽管它在其他文件中声明/定义。

Extern告诉编译器信任你，这个变量的内存在其他地方声明了，所以它不会尝试分配/检查内存。

因此，您可以编译一个引用extern的文件，但是如果没有在某个地方声明该内存，则不能进行链接。

对于全局变量和库很有用，但是危险，因为链接器不进行类型检查。