要创建一个带有公共方法的JavaScript类,我可以这样做:

function Restaurant() {}

Restaurant.prototype.buy_food = function(){
   // something here
}

Restaurant.prototype.use_restroom = function(){
   // something here
}

这样,我类的用户就可以:

var restaurant = new Restaurant();
restaurant.buy_food();
restaurant.use_restroom();

如何创建一个私有方法,可以由buy_food和use_restroom方法调用,但不能由类的用户外部调用?

换句话说,我希望我的方法实现能够做到:

Restaurant.prototype.use_restroom = function() {
   this.private_stuff();
}

但这是行不通的:

var r = new Restaurant();
r.private_stuff();

如何将private_stuff定义为私有方法,使两者都成立?

我读过Doug Crockford的文章几次,但它似乎不像“私有”方法可以被公共方法调用,而“特权”方法可以被外部调用。


当前回答

下面是我创建的类,用来理解Douglas Crockford在他的网站Private Members in JavaScript中的建议

function Employee(id, name) { //Constructor
    //Public member variables
    this.id = id;
    this.name = name;
    //Private member variables
    var fName;
    var lName;
    var that = this;
    //By convention, we create a private variable 'that'. This is used to     
    //make the object available to the private methods. 

    //Private function
    function setFName(pfname) {
        fName = pfname;
        alert('setFName called');
    }
    //Privileged function
    this.setLName = function (plName, pfname) {
        lName = plName;  //Has access to private variables
        setFName(pfname); //Has access to private function
        alert('setLName called ' + this.id); //Has access to member variables
    }
    //Another privileged member has access to both member variables and private variables
    //Note access of this.dataOfBirth created by public member setDateOfBirth
    this.toString = function () {
        return 'toString called ' + this.id + ' ' + this.name + ' ' + fName + ' ' + lName + ' ' + this.dataOfBirth; 
    }
}
//Public function has access to member variable and can create on too but does not have access to private variable
Employee.prototype.setDateOfBirth = function (dob) {
    alert('setDateOfBirth called ' + this.id);
    this.dataOfBirth = dob;   //Creates new public member note this is accessed by toString
    //alert(fName); //Does not have access to private member
}
$(document).ready()
{
    var employee = new Employee(5, 'Shyam'); //Create a new object and initialize it with constructor
    employee.setLName('Bhaskar', 'Ram');  //Call privileged function
    employee.setDateOfBirth('1/1/2000');  //Call public function
    employee.id = 9;                     //Set up member value
    //employee.setFName('Ram');  //can not call Private Privileged method
    alert(employee.toString());  //See the changed object

}

其他回答

ES2021 / ES12 -私有方法

私有方法名以哈希前缀#开头,并且只能在定义它的类内部访问。

class Restaurant {

  // private method
  #private_stuff() {
    console.log("private stuff");
  }

  // public method
  buy_food() {
    this.#private_stuff();
  }

};

const restaurant = new Restaurant();
restaurant.buy_food(); // "private stuff";
restaurant.private_stuff(); // Uncaught TypeError: restaurant.private_stuff is not a function

以遵循Crockford私有或特权模式的任何解决方案为例。例如:

function Foo(x) {
    var y = 5;
    var bar = function() {
        return y * x;
    };

    this.public = function(z) {
        return bar() + x * z;
    };
}

在任何情况下,如果攻击者在JS上下文中没有“执行”权,他就没有办法访问任何“公共”或“私有”字段或方法。如果攻击者有访问权限,他可以执行以下一行代码:

eval("Foo = " + Foo.toString().replace(
    /{/, "{ this.eval = function(code) { return eval(code); }; "
));

注意,上面的代码对于所有构造函数类型-privacy都是通用的。这里的一些解决方案会失败,但应该清楚的是,几乎所有基于闭包的解决方案都可以通过不同的replace()参数像这样被破坏。

在此执行之后,任何用new Foo()创建的对象都将有一个eval方法,可以调用该方法来返回或更改构造函数闭包中定义的值或方法,例如:

f = new Foo(99);
f.eval("x");
f.eval("y");
f.eval("x = 8");

我能看到的唯一问题是,它不会工作的情况下,只有一个实例,它是在加载时创建的。但这样就没有理由真正定义原型了,在这种情况下,攻击者可以简单地重新创建对象,而不是构造函数,只要他有方法传递相同的参数(例如,它们是常量或从可用值计算出来的)。

在我看来,这使得Crockford的解决方案毫无用处。由于“隐私”很容易被打破,他的解决方案的缺点(可读性和可维护性降低,性能下降,内存增加)使得基于“无隐私”原型的方法成为更好的选择。

我通常使用前导下划线标记__private和_protected方法和字段(Perl风格),但在JavaScript中拥有隐私的想法只是表明它是一种被误解的语言。

因此,除了Crockford的第一句话外,我不同意他的观点。

那么如何在JS中获得真正的隐私呢?将所有需要私有的东西放在服务器端,并使用JS进行AJAX调用。

一个丑陋但有效的解决方案:

function Class(cb) { const self = {}; const constructor = (fn) => { func = fn; }; const addPrivate = (fnName, obj) => { self[fnName] = obj; } const addPublic = (fnName, obj) => { this[fnName] = obj; self[fnName] = obj; func.prototype[fnName] = obj; } cb(constructor, addPrivate, addPublic, self); return func; } const test = new Class((constructor, private, public, self) => { constructor(function (test) { console.log(test) }); public('test', 'yay'); private('qwe', 'nay'); private('no', () => { return 'hello' }) public('asd', () => { return 'this is public' }) public('hello', () => { return self.qwe + self.no() + self.asd() }) }) const asd = new test('qweqwe'); console.log(asd.hello());

我想到了这个:编辑:实际上,有人已经链接到一个相同的解决方案。咄!

var Car = function() {
}

Car.prototype = (function() {
    var hotWire = function() {
        // Private code *with* access to public properties through 'this'
        alert( this.drive() ); // Alerts 'Vroom!'
    }

    return {
        steal: function() {
            hotWire.call( this ); // Call a private method
        },
        drive: function() {
            return 'Vroom!';
        }
    };
})();

var getAwayVechile = new Car();

hotWire(); // Not allowed
getAwayVechile.hotWire(); // Not allowed
getAwayVechile.steal(); // Alerts 'Vroom!'

ES12私有方法

现在你可以使用es12私有方法来实现这一点。您只需要在方法名之前添加一个#。

class ClassWithPrivateMethod {
  #privateMethod() {
    return 'hello world';
  }

  getPrivateMessage() {
    return #privateMethod();
  }
}