我喜欢sed。

substr="foo"
nonsub="$(echo "$string" | sed "s/$substr//")"
hassub=0 ; [ "$string" != "$nonsub" ] && hassub=1

编辑，逻辑：

使用sed从字符串中删除子字符串的实例如果新字符串与旧字符串不同，则存在子字符串

通用的大海捞针示例下面是变量

#!/bin/bash

needle="a_needle"
haystack="a_needle another_needle a_third_needle"
if [[ $haystack == *"$needle"* ]]; then
    echo "needle found"
else
    echo "needle NOT found"
fi

正如Paul在绩效比较中提到的：

if echo "abcdefg" | grep -q "bcdef"; then
    echo "String contains is true."
else
    echo "String contains is not true."
fi

这是符合POSIX的，就像Marcus提供的答案中的“case“$string”一样，但它比case语句答案更容易阅读。还要注意，这将比使用case语句慢得多。正如保罗所指出的，不要在循环中使用它。

case $string in (*foo*)
  # Do stuff
esac

这与https://stackoverflow.com/a/229585/11267590.但风格简单，也符合POSIX。

这里回答的问题的扩展如何判断POSIX sh中的字符串是否包含另一个字符串？：

此解决方案适用于特殊字符：

# contains(string, substring)
#
# Returns 0 if the specified string contains the specified substring,
# otherwise returns 1.
contains() {
    string="$1"
    substring="$2"

    if echo "$string" | $(type -p ggrep grep | head -1) -F -- "$substring" >/dev/null; then
        return 0    # $substring is in $string
    else
        return 1    # $substring is not in $string
    fi
}

contains "abcd" "e" || echo "abcd does not contain e"
contains "abcd" "ab" && echo "abcd contains ab"
contains "abcd" "bc" && echo "abcd contains bc"
contains "abcd" "cd" && echo "abcd contains cd"
contains "abcd" "abcd" && echo "abcd contains abcd"
contains "" "" && echo "empty string contains empty string"
contains "a" "" && echo "a contains empty string"
contains "" "a" || echo "empty string does not contain a"
contains "abcd efgh" "cd ef" && echo "abcd efgh contains cd ef"
contains "abcd efgh" " " && echo "abcd efgh contains a space"

contains "abcd [efg] hij" "[efg]" && echo "abcd [efg] hij contains [efg]"
contains "abcd [efg] hij" "[effg]" || echo "abcd [efg] hij does not contain [effg]"

contains "abcd *efg* hij" "*efg*" && echo "abcd *efg* hij contains *efg*"
contains "abcd *efg* hij" "d *efg* h" && echo "abcd *efg* hij contains d *efg* h"
contains "abcd *efg* hij" "*effg*" || echo "abcd *efg* hij does not contain *effg*"

如果使用双括号，也可以在case语句外使用Marcus的答案（*通配符）：

string='My long string'
if [[ $string == *"My long"* ]]; then
  echo "It's there!"
fi

注意，针字符串中的空格需要放在双引号之间，*通配符应该放在外面。还要注意，使用了简单的比较运算符（即==），而不是正则表达式运算符=~。