我对大多数OOP理论都有很好的理解，但最让我困惑的是虚拟析构函数。
我以为析构函数总是被调用，不管是什么，也不管是链中的每个对象。
你打算什么时候让它们虚拟化？为什么？
当前回答
我认为这个问题的核心是关于虚拟方法和多态性，而不是具体的析构函数。下面是一个更清晰的例子：
class A
{
public:
A() {}
virtual void foo()
{
cout << "This is A." << endl;
}
};
class B : public A
{
public:
B() {}
void foo()
{
cout << "This is B." << endl;
}
};
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
A *a = new B();
a->foo();
if(a != NULL)
delete a;
return 0;
}
将打印出：
This is B.
如果没有虚拟，它将打印出：
This is A.
现在您应该了解何时使用虚拟析构函数。
其他回答
我认为这个问题的核心是关于虚拟方法和多态性，而不是具体的析构函数。下面是一个更清晰的例子：
class A
{
public:
A() {}
virtual void foo()
{
cout << "This is A." << endl;
}
};
class B : public A
{
public:
B() {}
void foo()
{
cout << "This is B." << endl;
}
};
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
A *a = new B();
a->foo();
if(a != NULL)
delete a;
return 0;
}
将打印出：
This is B.
如果没有虚拟，它将打印出：
This is A.
现在您应该了解何时使用虚拟析构函数。
什么是虚拟析构函数或如何使用虚拟析构器
类析构函数是一个与~前面的类同名的函数，它将重新分配该类分配的内存。为什么我们需要虚拟析构函数
请参见以下示例中的一些虚拟函数
该示例还说明了如何将字母转换为大写或小写
#include "stdafx.h"
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
// program to convert the lower to upper orlower
class convertch
{
public:
//void convertch(){};
virtual char* convertChar() = 0;
~convertch(){};
};
class MakeLower :public convertch
{
public:
MakeLower(char *passLetter)
{
tolower = true;
Letter = new char[30];
strcpy(Letter, passLetter);
}
virtual ~MakeLower()
{
cout<< "called ~MakeLower()"<<"\n";
delete[] Letter;
}
char* convertChar()
{
size_t len = strlen(Letter);
for(int i= 0;i<len;i++)
Letter[i] = Letter[i] + 32;
return Letter;
}
private:
char *Letter;
bool tolower;
};
class MakeUpper : public convertch
{
public:
MakeUpper(char *passLetter)
{
Letter = new char[30];
toupper = true;
strcpy(Letter, passLetter);
}
char* convertChar()
{
size_t len = strlen(Letter);
for(int i= 0;i<len;i++)
Letter[i] = Letter[i] - 32;
return Letter;
}
virtual ~MakeUpper()
{
cout<< "called ~MakeUpper()"<<"\n";
delete Letter;
}
private:
char *Letter;
bool toupper;
};
int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
convertch *makeupper = new MakeUpper("hai");
cout<< "Eneterd : hai = " <<makeupper->convertChar()<<" ";
delete makeupper;
convertch *makelower = new MakeLower("HAI");;
cout<<"Eneterd : HAI = " <<makelower->convertChar()<<" ";
delete makelower;
return 0;
}
从上面的示例中可以看到，没有调用MakeUpper和MakeLower类的析构函数。
查看下一个带有虚拟析构函数的示例
#include "stdafx.h"
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
// program to convert the lower to upper orlower
class convertch
{
public:
//void convertch(){};
virtual char* convertChar() = 0;
virtual ~convertch(){}; // defined the virtual destructor
};
class MakeLower :public convertch
{
public:
MakeLower(char *passLetter)
{
tolower = true;
Letter = new char[30];
strcpy(Letter, passLetter);
}
virtual ~MakeLower()
{
cout<< "called ~MakeLower()"<<"\n";
delete[] Letter;
}
char* convertChar()
{
size_t len = strlen(Letter);
for(int i= 0;i<len;i++)
{
Letter[i] = Letter[i] + 32;
}
return Letter;
}
private:
char *Letter;
bool tolower;
};
class MakeUpper : public convertch
{
public:
MakeUpper(char *passLetter)
{
Letter = new char[30];
toupper = true;
strcpy(Letter, passLetter);
}
char* convertChar()
{
size_t len = strlen(Letter);
for(int i= 0;i<len;i++)
{
Letter[i] = Letter[i] - 32;
}
return Letter;
}
virtual ~MakeUpper()
{
cout<< "called ~MakeUpper()"<<"\n";
delete Letter;
}
private:
char *Letter;
bool toupper;
};
int _tmain(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
convertch *makeupper = new MakeUpper("hai");
cout<< "Eneterd : hai = " <<makeupper->convertChar()<<" \n";
delete makeupper;
convertch *makelower = new MakeLower("HAI");;
cout<<"Eneterd : HAI = " <<makelower->convertChar()<<"\n ";
delete makelower;
return 0;
}
虚拟析构函数将显式调用类的最派生的运行时析构函数，以便能够以正确的方式清除对象。
或访问链接
https://web.archive.org/web/20130822173509/http://www.programminggallery.com/article_details.php?article_id=138
只要类是多态的，就将析构函数设为虚拟。
如果使用shared_ptr（仅shared_ptl，而不是unique_ptr），则不必将基类析构函数设为虚拟：
#include <iostream>
#include <memory>
using namespace std;
class Base
{
public:
Base(){
cout << "Base Constructor Called\n";
}
~Base(){ // not virtual
cout << "Base Destructor called\n";
}
};
class Derived: public Base
{
public:
Derived(){
cout << "Derived constructor called\n";
}
~Derived(){
cout << "Derived destructor called\n";
}
};
int main()
{
shared_ptr<Base> b(new Derived());
}
输出：
Base Constructor Called
Derived constructor called
Derived destructor called
Base Destructor called
还要注意，在没有虚拟析构函数时删除基类指针将导致未定义的行为。我最近学到的东西：
C++中重写删除应该如何操作？
我已经使用C++多年了，但我还是设法自杀了。
