注意:此方法使用未文档化的Node.js内部构件，可以在没有警告的情况下进行更改。

在Node中，你可以使用process.binding('util')来同步确定promise的状态。getPromiseDetails(/* promise */);

这将返回:

[0，]表示未决，

[1， /* value */]表示已实现，或

[2， /* value */]表示拒绝。

const pending = new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(() => resolve('yakko')));;
const fulfilled = Promise.resolve('wakko');
const rejected = Promise.reject('dot');

[pending, fulfilled, rejected].forEach(promise => {
  console.log(process.binding('util').getPromiseDetails(promise));
});

// pending:   [0, ]
// fulfilled: [1, 'wakko']
// rejected:  [2, 'dot']

将其包装到一个helper函数中:

const getStatus = promise => ['pending', 'fulfilled', 'rejected'][
  process.binding('util').getPromiseDetails(promise)[0]
];

getStatus(pending); // pending
getStatus(fulfilled); // fulfilled
getStatus(rejected); // rejected

你可以在Node.js中使用一个(丑陋的)黑客，直到一个本地方法被提供:

util = require('util');

var promise1 = new Promise (function (resolve) {
}

var promise2 = new Promise (function (resolve) {

    resolve ('foo');
}

state1 = util.inspect (promise1);
state2 = util.inspect (promise2);

if (state1 === 'Promise { <pending> }') {

    console.log('pending'); // pending
}

if (state2 === "Promise { 'foo' }") {

    console.log ('foo') // foo
}

这一基本功能的缺失确实令人恼火。如果你正在使用node.js，那么我知道有两种变通方法，它们都不太漂亮。下面的两个代码段实现了相同的API:

> Promise.getInfo( 42 )                         // not a promise
{ status: 'fulfilled', value: 42 }
> Promise.getInfo( Promise.resolve(42) )        // fulfilled
{ status: 'fulfilled', value: 42 }
> Promise.getInfo( Promise.reject(42) )         // rejected
{ status: 'rejected', value: 42 }
> Promise.getInfo( p = new Promise(() => {}) )  // unresolved
{ status: 'pending' }
> Promise.getInfo( Promise.resolve(p) )         // resolved but pending
{ status: 'pending' }

用这两种方法似乎都无法区分最后两种承诺状态。

1. 使用V8调试API

这和util是一样的。检查使用。

const Debug = require('vm').runInDebugContext('Debug');

Promise.getInfo = function( arg ) {
    let mirror = Debug.MakeMirror( arg, true );
    if( ! mirror.isPromise() )
        return { status: 'fulfilled', value: arg };
    let status = mirror.status();
    if( status === 'pending' )
        return { status };
    if( status === 'resolved' )  // fix terminology fuck-up
        status = 'fulfilled';
    let value = mirror.promiseValue().value();
    return { status, value };
};

2. 同步运行微任务

这避免了调试API，但是会导致所有挂起的微任务和进程，从而产生一些可怕的语义。nextTick回调将同步运行。它还有一个副作用，就是防止被检查的承诺触发“未处理的承诺拒绝”错误。

Promise.getInfo = function( arg ) {
    const pending = {};
    let status, value;
    Promise.race([ arg, pending ]).then(
        x => { status = 'fulfilled'; value = x; },
        x => { status = 'rejected'; value = x; }
    );
    process._tickCallback();  // run microtasks right now
    if( value === pending )
        return { status: 'pending' };
    return { status, value };
};

如果你正在使用ES7实验版，你可以使用async轻松地包装你想要收听的承诺。

async function getClient() {
  let client, resolved = false;
  try {
    client = await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
      let client = new Client();

      let timer = setTimeout(() => {
         reject(new Error(`timeout`, 1000));
         client.close();
      });

      client.on('ready', () => {
        if(!resolved) {
          clearTimeout(timer);
          resolve(client);
        }
      });

      client.on('error', (error) => {
        if(!resolved) {
          clearTimeout(timer);
          reject(error);
        }
      });

      client.on('close', (hadError) => {
        if(!resolved && !hadError) {
          clearTimeout(timer);
          reject(new Error("close"));
        }
      });
    });

    resolved = true;
  } catch(error) {
    resolved = true;
    throw error;
  }
  return client;
}

更新:2019

Bluebird.js提供了这个:http://bluebirdjs.com/docs/api/isfulfilled.html

var Promise = require("bluebird");
let p = Promise.resolve();
console.log(p.isFulfilled());

如果您更喜欢创建自己的包装器，这里有一个关于它的不错的博客。

因为JavaScript是单线程的，所以很难找到一个足够常见的用例来证明将其放在规范中是正确的。知道承诺是否被解决的最佳位置是在.then()中。测试Promise是否被履行将创建一个轮询循环，这很可能是错误的方向。

如果你想同步推理异步代码，Async /await是一个很好的结构。

await this();
await that();
return 'success!';

另一个有用的调用是Promise.all()

var promise1 = Promise.resolve(3);
var promise2 = 42;
var promise3 = new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
  setTimeout(resolve, 100, 'foo');
});

Promise.all([promise1, promise2, promise3]).then(function(values) {
  console.log(values);
});
// expected output: Array [3, 42, "foo"]

当我第一次得到这个答案时，这就是我正在寻找的用例。

你可以和Promise.resolve赛跑 它不是同步的，但现在就发生了

function promiseState(p, isPending, isResolved, isRejected) {
  Promise.race([p, Promise.resolve('a value that p should not return')]).then(function(value) {
    if (value == 'a value that p should not return') {
      (typeof(isPending) === 'function') && isPending();
    }else {
      (typeof(isResolved) === 'function') && isResolved(value);
    }
  }, function(reason) {
    (typeof(isRejected) === 'function') && isRejected(reason);
  });
}

一个用于测试的小脚本，并理解异步的含义

var startTime = Date.now() - 100000;//padding trick "100001".slice(1) => 00001
function log(msg) {
  console.log((""+(Date.now() - startTime)).slice(1) + ' ' + msg);
  return msg;//for chaining promises
};

function prefix(pref) { return function (value) { log(pref + value); return value; };}

function delay(ms) {
  return function (value) {
    var startTime = Date.now();
    while(Date.now() - startTime < ms) {}
    return value;//for chaining promises
  };
}
setTimeout(log, 0,'timeOut 0 ms');
setTimeout(log, 100,'timeOut 100 ms');
setTimeout(log, 200,'timeOut 200 ms');

var p1 = Promise.resolve('One');
var p2 = new Promise(function(resolve, reject) { setTimeout(resolve, 100, "Two"); });
var p3 = Promise.reject("Three");

p3.catch(delay(200)).then(delay(100)).then(prefix('delayed L3 : '));

promiseState(p1, prefix('p1 Is Pending '), prefix('p1 Is Resolved '), prefix('p1 Is Rejected '));
promiseState(p2, prefix('p2 Is Pending '), prefix('p2 Is Resolved '), prefix('p2 Is Rejected '));
promiseState(p3, prefix('p3 Is Pending '), prefix('p3 Is Resolved '), prefix('p3 Is Rejected '));

p1.then(prefix('Level 1 : ')).then(prefix('Level 2 : ')).then(prefix('Level 3 : '));
p2.then(prefix('Level 1 : ')).then(prefix('Level 2 : ')).then(prefix('Level 3 : '));
p3.catch(prefix('Level 1 : ')).then(prefix('Level 2 : ')).then(prefix('Level 3 : '));
log('end of promises');
delay(100)();
log('end of script');

延迟(0)的结果(注释在延迟中的while)

00001 end of promises
00001 end of script
00001 Level 1 : One
00001 Level 1 : Three
00001 p1 Is Resolved One
00001 p2 Is Pending undefined
00001 p3 Is Rejected Three
00001 Level 2 : One
00001 Level 2 : Three
00001 delayed L3 : Three
00002 Level 3 : One
00002 Level 3 : Three
00006 timeOut 0 ms
00100 timeOut 100 ms
00100 Level 1 : Two
00100 Level 2 : Two
00101 Level 3 : Two
00189 timeOut 200 ms

与firefox(chrome保持顺序)测试的结果

00000 end of promises
00100 end of script
00300 Level 1 : One
00300 Level 1 : Three
00400 p1 Is Resolved One
00400 p2 Is Pending undefined
00400 p3 Is Rejected Three
00400 Level 2 : One
00400 Level 2 : Three
00400 delayed L3 : Three
00400 Level 3 : One
00400 Level 3 : Three
00406 timeOut 0 ms
00406 timeOut 100 ms
00406 timeOut 200 ms
00406 Level 1 : Two
00407 Level 2 : Two
00407 Level 3 : Two

promise estate make .race and .then:第二级