如何用简单的英语解释回调?它们与从一个函数调用另一个函数从调用函数获取上下文有什么不同?如何向新手程序员解释它们的强大功能?


当前回答

我很震惊地看到这么多聪明的人都没有强调“回调”这个词已经有了两种不一致的用法。

这两种方法都涉及到通过向现有函数传递附加功能(匿名或命名的函数定义)来定制函数。ie。

customizableFunc(customFunctionality)

如果自定义功能只是插入到代码块中,则您已经自定义了该函数,如下所示。

    customizableFucn(customFunctionality) {
      var data = doSomthing();
      customFunctionality(data);
      ...
    }

虽然这种注入的功能通常被称为“回调”,但它并不是偶然的。一个非常明显的例子是forEach方法,其中提供了一个自定义函数作为参数,应用于数组中的每个元素以修改数组。

But this is fundamentally distinct from the use of "callback" functions for asynchronous programming, as in AJAX or node.js or simply in assigning functionality to user interaction events (like mouse clicks). In this case, the whole idea is to wait for a contingent event to occur before executing the custom functionality. This is obvious in the case of user interaction, but is also important in i/o (input/output) processes that can take time, like reading files from disk. This is where the term "callback" makes the most obvious sense. Once an i/o process is started (like asking for a file to be read from disk or a server to return data from an http request) an asynchronous program doesn't wait around for it to finish. It can go ahead with whatever tasks are scheduled next, and only respond with the custom functionality after it has been notified that the read file or http request is completed (or that it failed) and that the data is available to the custom functionality. It's like calling a business on the phone and leaving your "callback" number, so they can call you when someone is available to get back to you. That's better than hanging on the line for who knows how long and not being able to attend to other affairs.

异步使用本质上涉及到一些侦听所需事件的方法(例如,i/o进程的完成),以便当它发生时(且仅当它发生时)执行自定义的“回调”功能。在明显的AJAX示例中,当数据实际从服务器到达时,“回调”函数将被触发,以使用该数据修改DOM,从而重新绘制浏览器窗口。

回顾一下。有些人使用“回调”这个词来指代任何可以作为参数注入到现有函数中的自定义功能。但是,至少对我来说,这个词最合适的用法是异步使用注入的“回调”函数——仅在等待通知的事件发生时执行。

其他回答

程序员Johny需要一个订书机,所以他去办公用品部门要了一个,填写完申请表后,他可以站在那里等着店员去仓库里找订书机(就像一个阻塞函数调用),或者去做其他的事情。

由于这通常需要时间,johny在申请表格上写了一张便条,要求他们在订书机准备好取书时给他打电话,这样他就可以去做其他事情,比如在办公桌上打盹。

从一个例子开始总是更好的:)。

假设有两个模块A和B。

你希望模块A在模块B中发生某些事件/条件时得到通知。然而,模块B对模块A一无所知。它只知道模块A提供给它的函数指针指向模块A的特定函数的地址。

因此,所有B现在必须做的是,当一个特定的事件/条件发生时,使用函数指针“回调”到模块A。A可以在回调函数内部进行进一步处理。

这里一个明显的优点是,你从模块B中抽象出了模块A的所有内容。模块B不必关心模块A是谁/什么。

这里有两点需要解释,一个是回调是如何工作的(传递一个可以在不了解上下文的情况下调用的函数),另一个是它的用途(异步处理事件)。

用其他答案用过的等待包裹到达的比喻来解释这两个问题是很好的。在计算机程序中,你会告诉计算机期待一个包裹。通常情况下,它现在会坐在那里等待(什么也不做),直到包裹到达,如果包裹从未到达,它可能会无限期地等待。对人类来说,这听起来很愚蠢,但如果没有进一步的措施,这对计算机来说是完全自然的。

现在回调是你前门的铃声。你为包裹服务提供了一种通知你包裹到达的方式,而不需要他们知道你在房子的哪里(即使),或者铃声是如何工作的。(例如,一些“铃声”实际上是发送一个电话。)因为你提供了一个“回调函数”,可以在任何时候被“调用”,脱离上下文,你现在可以不用坐在门廊前,随时“处理事件”(包裹到达)。

回调函数:

我们定义了一个名为callback的回调函数,给它一个参数otherFunction,并在函数体中调用它。

function callback(otherFunction){
    otherFunction();
}

当我们调用回调函数时,它需要一个类型为函数的参数,因此我们使用匿名函数调用它。但是,如果实参不是function类型,则会产生错误。

callback(function(){console.log('SUCCESS!')}); 
callback(1); // error

烤披萨的例子。 烤炉 披萨底,上面有配料 这里,烤箱是回调函数。 披萨的配料是另一个功能。

值得注意的是,不同的披萨原料可以做出不同类型的披萨,但烘焙披萨的烤箱是一样的。 这在某种程度上是回调函数的工作,它不断期望具有不同功能的函数,以产生不同的自定义结果。

为了教授回调,你必须先教授指针。一旦学生理解了指向变量的指针的概念,回调的概念就会变得更容易。假设您使用的是C/ c++,可以遵循这些步骤。

First show your students how to use and manipulate variables using pointers alongside using the normal variable identifiers. Then teach them there are things that can be done only with pointers(like passing a variable by reference). Then tell them how executable code or functions are just like some other data(or variables) in the memory. So, functions also have addresses or pointers. Then show them how functions can be called with function pointers and tell these are called callbacks. Now, the question is, why all these hassle for calling some functions? What is the benefit? Like data pointers, function pointer aka callbacks has some advantages over using normal identifiers. The first one is, function identifiers or function names cannot be used as normal data. I mean, you cannot make a data structure with functions(like an array or a linked list of functions). But with callbacks, you can make an array, a linked list or use them with other data like in dictionary of key-value pairs or trees, or any other things. This is a powerful benefit. And other benefits are actually child of this one. The most common use of callbacks is seen in event driver programming. Where one or more functions are executed based on some incoming signal. With callbacks, a dictionary can be maintained to map signals with callbacks. Then the input signal resolution and execution of corresponding code become much easier. The second use of callbacks coming in my mind is higher order functions. The functions which takes other functions as input arguments. And to send functions as arguments, we need callbacks. An example can be a function which take an array and a callback. Then it performs the callback on each of the item of the array and return the results in another array. If we pass the function a doubling callback, we get a doubled valued array. If we pass a squaring callback, we get squares. For square roots, just send appropriate callback. This cannot be done with normal functions.

可能还有更多的事情。让学生参与进来,他们就会发现。希望这能有所帮助。