通常，我们将变量发送给函数:function1(var1, var2)。

假设，你想在它被作为参数给出之前处理它:

这是一种回调类型，其中function2执行一些代码并将变量返回给初始函数。

编辑:回调这个词最常见的意思是一个函数作为参数传递给另一个函数，并在稍后的时间点被调用。这些思想存在于允许高阶函数的语言中，即将函数视为一等公民，通常用于异步编程中。onready dosomething()。在这里，只有当它准备好了，事情才会发生。

在计算机编程中，回调是对可执行代码或一段可执行代码的引用，它作为参数传递给其他代码。这允许较低级别的软件层调用较高级别的软件层定义的子例程(或函数)。——维基百科

在C语言中使用函数指针进行回调

在C语言中，回调是使用函数指针实现的。函数指针——顾名思义，是一个指向函数的指针。

例如，int (*ptrFunc) ();

这里，ptrFunc是一个指向不带参数并返回整数的函数的指针。不要忘记加上圆括号，否则编译器会认为ptrFunc是一个普通的函数名，它不接受任何参数，只返回一个指向整数的指针。

下面是演示函数指针的一些代码。

#include<stdio.h>
int func(int, int);
int main(void)
{
    int result1,result2;
    /* declaring a pointer to a function which takes
       two int arguments and returns an integer as result */
    int (*ptrFunc)(int,int);

    /* assigning ptrFunc to func's address */                    
    ptrFunc=func;

    /* calling func() through explicit dereference */
    result1 = (*ptrFunc)(10,20);

    /* calling func() through implicit dereference */        
    result2 = ptrFunc(10,20);            
    printf("result1 = %d result2 = %d\n",result1,result2);
    return 0;
}

int func(int x, int y)
{
    return x+y;
}

现在让我们尝试理解C语言中使用函数指针的回调概念。

完整的程序有三个文件:callback.c, reg_callback.h和reg_callback.c。

/* callback.c */
#include<stdio.h>
#include"reg_callback.h"

/* callback function definition goes here */
void my_callback(void)
{
    printf("inside my_callback\n");
}

int main(void)
{
    /* initialize function pointer to
    my_callback */
    callback ptr_my_callback=my_callback;                        
    printf("This is a program demonstrating function callback\n");
    /* register our callback function */
    register_callback(ptr_my_callback);                          
    printf("back inside main program\n");
    return 0;
}

/* reg_callback.h */
typedef void (*callback)(void);
void register_callback(callback ptr_reg_callback);


/* reg_callback.c */
#include<stdio.h>
#include"reg_callback.h"

/* registration goes here */
void register_callback(callback ptr_reg_callback)
{
    printf("inside register_callback\n");
    /* calling our callback function my_callback */
    (*ptr_reg_callback)();                               
}

如果我们运行这个程序，输出将是

这是一个演示函数回调的程序 内部register_callback 内部my_callback 回到主程序

上层函数像正常调用一样调用下层函数，而回调机制允许下层函数通过指向回调函数的指针调用上层函数。

Java中使用接口的回调

Java没有函数指针的概念 它通过接口机制实现回调机制 在这里，我们声明了一个接口，而不是函数指针，它有一个方法，当被调用方完成其任务时将被调用

让我通过一个例子来说明:

回调接口

public interface Callback
{
    public void notify(Result result);
}

调用者或更高级别的类

public Class Caller implements Callback
{
Callee ce = new Callee(this); //pass self to the callee

//Other functionality
//Call the Asynctask
ce.doAsynctask();

public void notify(Result result){
//Got the result after the callee has finished the task
//Can do whatever i want with the result
}
}

被调用者或底层函数

public Class Callee {
Callback cb;
Callee(Callback cb){
this.cb = cb;
}

doAsynctask(){
//do the long running task
//get the result
cb.notify(result);//after the task is completed, notify the caller
}
}

使用EventListener模式

列表项

此模式用于通知0到n个观察者/监听器某个特定任务已经完成

列表项

回调机制和EventListener/Observer机制之间的区别在于，在回调中，被调用方通知单个调用方，而在Eventlisener/Observer中，被调用方可以通知任何对该事件感兴趣的人(通知可能会到应用程序中尚未触发任务的其他部分)。

让我通过一个例子来解释。

事件接口

public interface Events {

public void clickEvent();
public void longClickEvent();
}

类部件

package com.som_itsolutions.training.java.exampleeventlistener;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Iterator;

public class Widget implements Events{

    ArrayList<OnClickEventListener> mClickEventListener = new ArrayList<OnClickEventListener>(); 
    ArrayList<OnLongClickEventListener> mLongClickEventListener = new ArrayList<OnLongClickEventListener>();

    @Override
    public void clickEvent() {
        // TODO Auto-generated method stub
        Iterator<OnClickEventListener> it = mClickEventListener.iterator();
                while(it.hasNext()){
                    OnClickEventListener li = it.next();
                    li.onClick(this);
                }   
    }
    @Override
    public void longClickEvent() {
        // TODO Auto-generated method stub
        Iterator<OnLongClickEventListener> it = mLongClickEventListener.iterator();
        while(it.hasNext()){
            OnLongClickEventListener li = it.next();
            li.onLongClick(this);
        }

    }

    public interface OnClickEventListener
    {
        public void onClick (Widget source);
    }

    public interface OnLongClickEventListener
    {
        public void onLongClick (Widget source);
    }

    public void setOnClickEventListner(OnClickEventListener li){
        mClickEventListener.add(li);
    }
    public void setOnLongClickEventListner(OnLongClickEventListener li){
        mLongClickEventListener.add(li);
    }
}

类按钮

public class Button extends Widget{
private String mButtonText;
public Button (){
} 
public String getButtonText() {
return mButtonText;
}
public void setButtonText(String buttonText) {
this.mButtonText = buttonText;
}
}

类复选框

public class CheckBox extends Widget{
private boolean checked;
public CheckBox() {
checked = false;
}
public boolean isChecked(){
return (checked == true);
}
public void setCheck(boolean checked){
this.checked = checked;
}
}

Activity类

包com.som_itsolutions.training.java.exampleeventlistener;

public class Activity implements Widget.OnClickEventListener
{
    public Button mButton;
    public CheckBox mCheckBox;
    private static Activity mActivityHandler;
    public static Activity getActivityHandle(){
        return mActivityHandler;
    }
    public Activity ()
    {
        mActivityHandler = this;
        mButton = new Button();
        mButton.setOnClickEventListner(this);
        mCheckBox = new CheckBox();
        mCheckBox.setOnClickEventListner(this);
        } 
    public void onClick (Widget source)
    {
        if(source == mButton){
            mButton.setButtonText("Thank you for clicking me...");
            System.out.println(((Button) mButton).getButtonText());
        }
        if(source == mCheckBox){
            if(mCheckBox.isChecked()==false){
                mCheckBox.setCheck(true);
                System.out.println("The checkbox is checked...");
            }
            else{
                mCheckBox.setCheck(false);
                System.out.println("The checkbox is not checked...");
            }       
        }
    }
    public void doSomeWork(Widget source){
        source.clickEvent();
    }   
}

其他类

public class OtherClass implements Widget.OnClickEventListener{
Button mButton;
public OtherClass(){
mButton = Activity.getActivityHandle().mButton;
mButton.setOnClickEventListner(this);//interested in the click event                        //of the button
}
@Override
public void onClick(Widget source) {
if(source == mButton){
System.out.println("Other Class has also received the event notification...");
}
}

主类

public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
Activity a = new Activity();
OtherClass o = new OtherClass();
a.doSomeWork(a.mButton);
a.doSomeWork(a.mCheckBox);
}
}

从上面的代码中可以看到，我们有一个名为events的接口，它基本上列出了应用程序可能发生的所有事件。Widget类是所有UI组件(如按钮、复选框)的基类。这些UI组件是实际从框架代码接收事件的对象。Widget类实现了Events接口，它也有两个嵌套接口，即OnClickEventListener和OnLongClickEventListener

These two interfaces are responsible for listening to events that may occur on the Widget derived UI components like Button or Checkbox. So if we compare this example with the earlier Callback example using Java Interface, these two interfaces work as the Callback interface. So the higher level code (Here Activity) implements these two interfaces. And whenever an event occurs to a widget, the higher level code (or the method of these interfaces implemented in the higher level code, which is here Activity) will be called.

Now let me discuss the basic difference between Callback and Eventlistener pattern. As we have mentioned that using Callback, the Callee can notify only a single Caller. But in the case of EventListener pattern, any other part or class of the Application can register for the events that may occur on the Button or Checkbox. The example of this kind of class is the OtherClass. If you see the code of the OtherClass, you will find that it has registered itself as a listener to the ClickEvent that may occur in the Button defined in the Activity. Interesting part is that, besides the Activity ( the Caller), this OtherClass will also be notified whenever the click event occurs on the Button.

什么是回调函数?

对第一个问题的简单回答是，回调函数是通过函数指针调用的函数。如果你将一个函数的指针(地址)作为参数传递给另一个函数，当这个指针被用来调用它所指向的函数时，就被称为回调。

回调函数很难跟踪，但有时它非常有用。尤其是在设计库的时候。回调函数就像让你的用户给你一个函数名，你会在一定条件下调用这个函数。

例如，您编写了一个回调计时器。它允许您指定持续时间和调用什么函数，函数将相应地被回调。“每10秒运行myfunction() 5次”

或者，您可以创建一个函数目录，传递一个函数名列表，并要求库进行相应的回调。"如果成功，回调成功()，如果失败，回调失败()。"

让我们看一个简单的函数指针的例子

void cbfunc()
{
     printf("called");
}

 int main ()
 {
                   /* function pointer */ 
      void (*callback)(void); 
                   /* point to your callback function */ 
      callback=(void *)cbfunc; 
                   /* perform callback */
      callback();
      return 0; 
}

如何传递参数回调函数?

注意到实现回调的函数指针接受void *，这表明它可以接受任何类型的变量，包括结构。因此，您可以通过结构传递多个参数。

typedef struct myst
{
     int a;
     char b[10];
}myst;

void cbfunc(myst *mt) 
{
     fprintf(stdout,"called %d %s.",mt->a,mt->b); 
}

int main() 
{
       /* func pointer */
    void (*callback)(void *);       //param
     myst m;
     m.a=10;
     strcpy(m.b,"123");       
     callback = (void*)cbfunc;    /* point to callback function */
     callback(&m);                /* perform callback and pass in the param */
     return 0;   
}

让我们假设您要给我一个可能长期运行的任务:获取您遇到的前五个独特的人的名字。如果我在人口稀少的地区，这可能需要几天的时间。你真的不想在我忙来忙去的时候袖手旁观，所以你说:“你拿到名单后，打我手机给我读一遍。这是号码。”

您已经给了我一个回调引用——一个我应该执行以传递进一步处理的函数。

在JavaScript中，它可能是这样的:

var lottoNumbers = [];
var callback = function(theNames) {
  for (var i=0; i<theNames.length; i++) {
    lottoNumbers.push(theNames[i].length);
  }
};

db.executeQuery("SELECT name " +
                "FROM tblEveryOneInTheWholeWorld " +
                "ORDER BY proximity DESC " +
                "LIMIT 5", callback);

while (lottoNumbers.length < 5) {
  playGolf();
}
playLotto(lottoNumbers);

这可能有很多方面可以改进。例如，你可以提供第二次回拨:如果最终超过一个小时，打电话给红色电话，告诉接听电话的人你超时了。

简单明了:回调是你给另一个函数的函数，这样它就可以调用它。

通常在某个操作完成时调用它。由于在将回调函数交给其他函数之前创建了回调，因此可以使用调用站点的上下文信息初始化它。这就是为什么它被命名为call*back* -第一个函数从它被调用的地方回调到上下文。

为了教授回调，你必须先教授指针。一旦学生理解了指向变量的指针的概念，回调的概念就会变得更容易。假设您使用的是C/ c++，可以遵循这些步骤。

First show your students how to use and manipulate variables using pointers alongside using the normal variable identifiers. Then teach them there are things that can be done only with pointers(like passing a variable by reference). Then tell them how executable code or functions are just like some other data(or variables) in the memory. So, functions also have addresses or pointers. Then show them how functions can be called with function pointers and tell these are called callbacks. Now, the question is, why all these hassle for calling some functions? What is the benefit? Like data pointers, function pointer aka callbacks has some advantages over using normal identifiers. The first one is, function identifiers or function names cannot be used as normal data. I mean, you cannot make a data structure with functions(like an array or a linked list of functions). But with callbacks, you can make an array, a linked list or use them with other data like in dictionary of key-value pairs or trees, or any other things. This is a powerful benefit. And other benefits are actually child of this one. The most common use of callbacks is seen in event driver programming. Where one or more functions are executed based on some incoming signal. With callbacks, a dictionary can be maintained to map signals with callbacks. Then the input signal resolution and execution of corresponding code become much easier. The second use of callbacks coming in my mind is higher order functions. The functions which takes other functions as input arguments. And to send functions as arguments, we need callbacks. An example can be a function which take an array and a callback. Then it performs the callback on each of the item of the array and return the results in another array. If we pass the function a doubling callback, we get a doubled valued array. If we pass a squaring callback, we get squares. For square roots, just send appropriate callback. This cannot be done with normal functions.

可能还有更多的事情。让学生参与进来，他们就会发现。希望这能有所帮助。