在我看来，使用访问者模式或直接修改每个元素结构添加新操作的工作量大致相同。此外，如果我要添加新的元素类，比如Cow，操作接口将受到影响，并且这将传播到所有现有的元素类，因此需要重新编译所有元素类。那么重点是什么呢?

使用访问者模式至少有三个很好的理由:

减少代码的增殖，当数据结构发生变化时，代码只会略有不同。 将相同的计算应用于多个数据结构，而不改变实现计算的代码。 在不更改遗留代码的情况下向遗留库添加信息。

请看看我写的一篇关于这方面的文章。

你困惑的原因可能是来客是一个致命的用词不当。许多(杰出的)程序员都曾遇到过这个问题。它实际做的是用本身不支持它的语言(大多数语言不支持)实现双重调度。

1)我最喜欢的例子是《Effective c++》的作者Scott Meyers，他称这是他最重要的c++啊哈之一!的时刻。

Quick description of the visitor pattern. The classes that require modification must all implement the 'accept' method. Clients call this accept method to perform some new action on that family of classes thereby extending their functionality. Clients are able to use this one accept method to perform a wide range of new actions by passing in a different visitor class for each specific action. A visitor class contains multiple overridden visit methods defining how to achieve that same specific action for every class within the family. These visit methods get passed an instance on which to work.

当你考虑使用它的时候

When you have a family of classes you know your going to have to add many new actions them all, but for some reason you are not able to alter or recompile the family of classes in the future. When you want to add a new action and have that new action entirely defined within one the visitor class rather than spread out across multiple classes. When your boss says you must produce a range of classes which must do something right now!... but nobody actually knows exactly what that something is yet.

你的问题是什么时候知道:

我不首先编码访问者模式。我编写标准代码，等待需求的出现，然后重构。假设你有多个支付系统，一次安装一个。在签出时，你可以有很多if条件(或instanceOf)，例如:

//psuedo code
    if(payPal) 
    do paypal checkout 
    if(stripe)
    do strip stuff checkout
    if(payoneer)
    do payoneer checkout

现在假设我有10种支付方式，这有点难看。因此，当你看到这种模式发生时，访问者会很容易地将所有这些分离出来，然后你最终会调用这样的东西:

new PaymentCheckoutVistor(paymentType).visit()

你可以看到如何实现它从这里的例子的数量，我只是向你展示一个用例。

感谢@Federico A. Ramponi的精彩解释，我只是在java版本中做了这个。希望对大家有所帮助。

正如@Konrad Rudolph指出的那样，这实际上是使用两个具体实例一起确定运行时方法的双重分派。

因此，实际上，只要正确定义了操作接口，就不需要为操作执行器创建公共接口。

import static java.lang.System.out;
public class Visitor_2 {
    public static void main(String...args) {
        Hearen hearen = new Hearen();
        FoodImpl food = new FoodImpl();
        hearen.showTheHobby(food);
        Katherine katherine = new Katherine();
        katherine.presentHobby(food);
    }
}

interface Hobby {
    void insert(Hearen hearen);
    void embed(Katherine katherine);
}


class Hearen {
    String name = "Hearen";
    void showTheHobby(Hobby hobby) {
        hobby.insert(this);
    }
}

class Katherine {
    String name = "Katherine";
    void presentHobby(Hobby hobby) {
        hobby.embed(this);
    }
}

class FoodImpl implements Hobby {
    public void insert(Hearen hearen) {
        out.println(hearen.name + " start to eat bread");
    }
    public void embed(Katherine katherine) {
        out.println(katherine.name + " start to eat mango");
    }
}

正如您所期望的那样，公共接口将为我们带来更多的清晰度，尽管它实际上并不是这个模式的基本部分。

import static java.lang.System.out;
public class Visitor_2 {
    public static void main(String...args) {
        Hearen hearen = new Hearen();
        FoodImpl food = new FoodImpl();
        hearen.showHobby(food);
        Katherine katherine = new Katherine();
        katherine.showHobby(food);
    }
}

interface Hobby {
    void insert(Hearen hearen);
    void insert(Katherine katherine);
}

abstract class Person {
    String name;
    protected Person(String n) {
        this.name = n;
    }
    abstract void showHobby(Hobby hobby);
}

class Hearen extends  Person {
    public Hearen() {
        super("Hearen");
    }
    @Override
    void showHobby(Hobby hobby) {
        hobby.insert(this);
    }
}

class Katherine extends Person {
    public Katherine() {
        super("Katherine");
    }

    @Override
    void showHobby(Hobby hobby) {
        hobby.insert(this);
    }
}

class FoodImpl implements Hobby {
    public void insert(Hearen hearen) {
        out.println(hearen.name + " start to eat bread");
    }
    public void insert(Katherine katherine) {
        out.println(katherine.name + " start to eat mango");
    }
}