在我看来，使用访问者模式或直接修改每个元素结构添加新操作的工作量大致相同。此外，如果我要添加新的元素类，比如Cow，操作接口将受到影响，并且这将传播到所有现有的元素类，因此需要重新编译所有元素类。那么重点是什么呢?

Quick description of the visitor pattern. The classes that require modification must all implement the 'accept' method. Clients call this accept method to perform some new action on that family of classes thereby extending their functionality. Clients are able to use this one accept method to perform a wide range of new actions by passing in a different visitor class for each specific action. A visitor class contains multiple overridden visit methods defining how to achieve that same specific action for every class within the family. These visit methods get passed an instance on which to work.

当你考虑使用它的时候

When you have a family of classes you know your going to have to add many new actions them all, but for some reason you are not able to alter or recompile the family of classes in the future. When you want to add a new action and have that new action entirely defined within one the visitor class rather than spread out across multiple classes. When your boss says you must produce a range of classes which must do something right now!... but nobody actually knows exactly what that something is yet.

使用访问者模式至少有三个很好的理由:

减少代码的增殖，当数据结构发生变化时，代码只会略有不同。 将相同的计算应用于多个数据结构，而不改变实现计算的代码。 在不更改遗留代码的情况下向遗留库添加信息。

请看看我写的一篇关于这方面的文章。

Cay Horstmann在他的OO设计和模式书中有一个很好的例子，说明了在哪里应用Visitor。他总结了这个问题:

复合对象通常具有复杂的结构，由单个元素组成。有些元素可能也有子元素. ...元素上的操作访问它的子元素，对它们应用该操作，并将结果组合在一起. ...然而，向这样的设计中添加新的操作并不容易。

不容易的原因是，操作是在结构类本身中添加的。例如，假设你有一个文件系统:

下面是一些我们可能想用这个结构实现的操作(功能):

显示节点元素的名称(一个文件列表) 显示计算出的节点元素大小(其中目录的大小包括其所有子元素的大小) 等。

You could add functions to each class in the FileSystem to implement the operations (and people have done this in the past as it's very obvious how to do it). The problem is that whenever you add a new functionality (the "etc." line above), you might need to add more and more methods to the structure classes. At some point, after some number of operations you've added to your software, the methods in those classes don't make sense anymore in terms of the classes' functional cohesion. For example, you have a FileNode that has a method calculateFileColorForFunctionABC() in order to implement the latest visualization functionality on the file system.

The Visitor Pattern (like many design patterns) was born from the pain and suffering of developers who knew there was a better way to allow their code to change without requiring a lot of changes everywhere and also respecting good design principles (high cohesion, low coupling). It's my opinion that it's hard to understand the usefulness of a lot of patterns until you've felt that pain. Explaining the pain (like we attempt to do above with the "etc." functionalities that get added) takes up space in the explanation and is a distraction. Understanding patterns is hard for this reason.

Visitor allows us to decouple the functionalities on the data structure (e.g., FileSystemNodes) from the data structures themselves. The pattern allows the design to respect cohesion -- data structure classes are simpler (they have fewer methods) and also the functionalities are encapsulated into Visitor implementations. This is done via double-dispatching (which is the complicated part of the pattern): using accept() methods in the structure classes and visitX() methods in the Visitor (the functionality) classes:

这个结构允许我们添加新的功能，这些功能作为具体的访问者在结构上工作(不需要改变结构类)。

例如，PrintNameVisitor实现目录列表功能，PrintSizeVisitor实现具有大小的版本。我们可以想象有一天有一个以XML生成数据的“ExportXMLVisitor”，或者另一个以JSON生成数据的访问者，等等。我们甚至可以让一个访问者使用图形化语言(如DOT)显示我的目录树，然后用另一个程序进行可视化。

最后要注意的是:Visitor的双重分派的复杂性意味着它更难以理解、编码和调试。简而言之，它有很高的极客因素，违背了KISS原则。在研究人员进行的一项调查中，访问者被证明是一个有争议的模式(关于它的有用性没有达成共识)。一些实验甚至表明，它并没有使代码更容易维护。

感谢@Federico A. Ramponi的精彩解释，我只是在java版本中做了这个。希望对大家有所帮助。

正如@Konrad Rudolph指出的那样，这实际上是使用两个具体实例一起确定运行时方法的双重分派。

因此，实际上，只要正确定义了操作接口，就不需要为操作执行器创建公共接口。

import static java.lang.System.out;
public class Visitor_2 {
    public static void main(String...args) {
        Hearen hearen = new Hearen();
        FoodImpl food = new FoodImpl();
        hearen.showTheHobby(food);
        Katherine katherine = new Katherine();
        katherine.presentHobby(food);
    }
}

interface Hobby {
    void insert(Hearen hearen);
    void embed(Katherine katherine);
}


class Hearen {
    String name = "Hearen";
    void showTheHobby(Hobby hobby) {
        hobby.insert(this);
    }
}

class Katherine {
    String name = "Katherine";
    void presentHobby(Hobby hobby) {
        hobby.embed(this);
    }
}

class FoodImpl implements Hobby {
    public void insert(Hearen hearen) {
        out.println(hearen.name + " start to eat bread");
    }
    public void embed(Katherine katherine) {
        out.println(katherine.name + " start to eat mango");
    }
}

正如您所期望的那样，公共接口将为我们带来更多的清晰度，尽管它实际上并不是这个模式的基本部分。

import static java.lang.System.out;
public class Visitor_2 {
    public static void main(String...args) {
        Hearen hearen = new Hearen();
        FoodImpl food = new FoodImpl();
        hearen.showHobby(food);
        Katherine katherine = new Katherine();
        katherine.showHobby(food);
    }
}

interface Hobby {
    void insert(Hearen hearen);
    void insert(Katherine katherine);
}

abstract class Person {
    String name;
    protected Person(String n) {
        this.name = n;
    }
    abstract void showHobby(Hobby hobby);
}

class Hearen extends  Person {
    public Hearen() {
        super("Hearen");
    }
    @Override
    void showHobby(Hobby hobby) {
        hobby.insert(this);
    }
}

class Katherine extends Person {
    public Katherine() {
        super("Katherine");
    }

    @Override
    void showHobby(Hobby hobby) {
        hobby.insert(this);
    }
}

class FoodImpl implements Hobby {
    public void insert(Hearen hearen) {
        out.println(hearen.name + " start to eat bread");
    }
    public void insert(Katherine katherine) {
        out.println(katherine.name + " start to eat mango");
    }
}

游客

Visitor允许用户在不修改类本身的情况下向类族中添加新的虚函数;相反，创建一个实现虚函数的所有适当专门化的访问者类

参观者结构:

在以下情况下使用访问者模式:

必须对结构中分组的不同类型的对象执行类似的操作 您需要执行许多不同且不相关的操作。它将操作从对象结构中分离出来 必须在不改变对象结构的情况下添加新操作 将相关操作集合到一个类中，而不是强迫您更改或派生类 向没有源或不能更改源的类库中添加函数

尽管访问者模式提供了在不改变Object中现有代码的情况下添加新操作的灵活性，但这种灵活性也带来了缺点。

如果添加了新的Visitable对象，则需要在Visitor和ConcreteVisitor类中修改代码。有一种变通方法可以解决这个问题:使用反射，这将对性能产生影响。

代码片段:

import java.util.HashMap;

interface Visitable{
    void accept(Visitor visitor);
}

interface Visitor{
    void logGameStatistics(Chess chess);
    void logGameStatistics(Checkers checkers);
    void logGameStatistics(Ludo ludo);    
}
class GameVisitor implements Visitor{
    public void logGameStatistics(Chess chess){
        System.out.println("Logging Chess statistics: Game Completion duration, number of moves etc..");    
    }
    public void logGameStatistics(Checkers checkers){
        System.out.println("Logging Checkers statistics: Game Completion duration, remaining coins of loser");    
    }
    public void logGameStatistics(Ludo ludo){
        System.out.println("Logging Ludo statistics: Game Completion duration, remaining coins of loser");    
    }
}

abstract class Game{
    // Add game related attributes and methods here
    public Game(){

    }
    public void getNextMove(){};
    public void makeNextMove(){}
    public abstract String getName();
}
class Chess extends Game implements Visitable{
    public String getName(){
        return Chess.class.getName();
    }
    public void accept(Visitor visitor){
        visitor.logGameStatistics(this);
    }
}
class Checkers extends Game implements Visitable{
    public String getName(){
        return Checkers.class.getName();
    }
    public void accept(Visitor visitor){
        visitor.logGameStatistics(this);
    }
}
class Ludo extends Game implements Visitable{
    public String getName(){
        return Ludo.class.getName();
    }
    public void accept(Visitor visitor){
        visitor.logGameStatistics(this);
    }
}

public class VisitorPattern{
    public static void main(String args[]){
        Visitor visitor = new GameVisitor();
        Visitable games[] = { new Chess(),new Checkers(), new Ludo()};
        for (Visitable v : games){
            v.accept(visitor);
        }
    }
}

解释:

Visitable (Element)是一个接口，该接口方法必须添加到一组类中。 Visitor是一个接口，它包含对可访问元素执行操作的方法。 GameVisitor是一个实现Visitor接口(ConcreteVisitor)的类。 每个可访问元素接受Visitor并调用Visitor接口的相关方法。 你可以将游戏视为元素，而将象棋、跳棋和Ludo等具体游戏视为具体元素。

在上述例子中，国际象棋、西洋跳棋和卢多是三种不同的游戏(以及可访问的职业)。在一个晴朗的日子里，我遇到了一个记录每款游戏统计数据的场景。所以无需修改单个类来实现统计功能，你可以将这一职责集中到GameVisitor类中，这样你就无需修改每个游戏的结构。

输出:

Logging Chess statistics: Game Completion duration, number of moves etc..
Logging Checkers statistics: Game Completion duration, remaining coins of loser
Logging Ludo statistics: Game Completion duration, remaining coins of loser

指

oodesign文章

sourcemaking文章

欲知详情

装饰

模式允许将行为静态或动态地添加到单个对象，而不影响来自同一类的其他对象的行为

相关文章:

IO的装饰器模式

什么时候使用装饰器模式?