Alistra指出了这一点，但未能提供任何例子，所以我会。

您有一个包含10,000个UPC代码的列表，用于您的商店销售的产品。10位UPC，整数价格(便士价格)和30个字符的收据描述。

O(log N)方法:你有一个排序的列表。ASCII是44字节，Unicode是84字节。或者，将UPC视为int64，将得到42和72字节。10,000条记录——在最高的情况下，您看到的存储空间略低于1mb。

O(1)方法:不存储UPC，而是将其用作数组的一个条目。在最低的情况下，您将看到近三分之一tb的存储空间。

Which approach you use depends on your hardware. On most any reasonable modern configuration you're going to use the log N approach. I can picture the second approach being the right answer if for some reason you're running in an environment where RAM is critically short but you have plenty of mass storage. A third of a terabyte on a disk is no big deal, getting your data in one probe of the disk is worth something. The simple binary approach takes 13 on average. (Note, however, that by clustering your keys you can get this down to a guaranteed 3 reads and in practice you would cache the first one.)

以下是我的观点:

有时，当算法在特定的硬件环境中运行时，会选择较差的复杂度算法来代替较好的算法。假设我们的O(1)算法非顺序地访问一个非常大的固定大小数组的每个元素来解决我们的问题。然后将该阵列放在机械硬盘驱动器或磁带上。

在这种情况下，O(logn)算法(假设它按顺序访问磁盘)变得更有利。

A more general question is if there are situations where one would prefer an O(f(n)) algorithm to an O(g(n)) algorithm even though g(n) << f(n) as n tends to infinity. As others have already mentioned, the answer is clearly "yes" in the case where f(n) = log(n) and g(n) = 1. It is sometimes yes even in the case that f(n) is polynomial but g(n) is exponential. A famous and important example is that of the Simplex Algorithm for solving linear programming problems. In the 1970s it was shown to be O(2^n). Thus, its worse-case behavior is infeasible. But -- its average case behavior is extremely good, even for practical problems with tens of thousands of variables and constraints. In the 1980s, polynomial time algorithms (such a Karmarkar's interior-point algorithm) for linear programming were discovered, but 30 years later the simplex algorithm still seems to be the algorithm of choice (except for certain very large problems). This is for the obvious reason that average-case behavior is often more important than worse-case behavior, but also for a more subtle reason that the simplex algorithm is in some sense more informative (e.g. sensitivity information is easier to extract).

考虑一个红黑树。它具有O(log n)的访问、搜索、插入和删除操作。与数组相比，数组的访问权限为O(1)，其余操作为O(n)。

因此，对于一个插入、删除或搜索比访问更频繁的应用程序，并且只能在这两种结构之间进行选择，我们更喜欢红黑树。在这种情况下，你可能会说我们更喜欢红黑树更麻烦的O(log n)访问时间。

为什么?因为权限不是我们最关心的。我们正在权衡:应用程序的性能更大程度上受到其他因素的影响。我们允许这种特定的算法受到性能影响，因为我们通过优化其他算法获得了很大的收益。

So the answer to your question is simply this: when the algorithm's growth rate isn't what we want to optimize, when we want to optimize something else. All of the other answers are special cases of this. Sometimes we optimize the run time of other operations. Sometimes we optimize for memory. Sometimes we optimize for security. Sometimes we optimize maintainability. Sometimes we optimize for development time. Even the overriding constant being low enough to matter is optimizing for run time when you know the growth rate of the algorithm isn't the greatest impact on run time. (If your data set was outside this range, you would optimize for the growth rate of the algorithm because it would eventually dominate the constant.) Everything has a cost, and in many cases, we trade the cost of a higher growth rate for the algorithm to optimize something else.

假设您正在嵌入式系统上实现一个黑名单，其中0到1,000,000之间的数字可能被列入黑名单。这就给你留下了两个选择:

使用1,000,000位的bitset 使用黑名单整数的排序数组，并使用二进制搜索来访问它们

对bitset的访问将保证常量访问。从时间复杂度来看，它是最优的。从理论和实践的角度来看(它是O(1)，常量开销极低)。

不过，你可能更喜欢第二种解决方案。特别是如果您希望黑名单整数的数量非常小，因为这样内存效率更高。

即使您不为内存稀缺的嵌入式系统开发，我也可以将任意限制从1,000,000增加到1,000,000,000,000，并提出相同的论点。那么bitset将需要大约125G的内存。保证最坏情况复杂度为O(1)可能无法说服您的老板为您提供如此强大的服务器。

在这里，我强烈倾向于二叉搜索(O(log n))或二叉树(O(log n))而不是O(1)位集。在实践中，最坏情况复杂度为O(n)的哈希表可能会击败所有这些算法。

简单地说:因为系数(与该步骤的设置、存储和执行时间相关的成本)在较小的大o问题中比在较大的大o问题中要大得多。Big-O只是算法可伸缩性的一个衡量标准。

考虑以下来自黑客词典的例子，提出了一个依赖于量子力学的多重世界解释的排序算法:

用量子过程随机排列数组， 如果数组没有排序，毁灭宇宙。 所有剩下的宇宙现在都被排序了(包括你所在的宇宙)。

(来源:http://catb.org/ esr /术语/ html / B / bogo-sort.html)

注意，这个算法的大O是O(n)，它击败了迄今为止在一般项目上的任何已知排序算法。线性阶跃的系数也很低(因为它只是一个比较，而不是交换，是线性完成的)。事实上，类似的算法可以用于在多项式时间内解决NP和co-NP中的任何问题，因为每个可能的解(或没有解的可能证明)都可以使用量子过程生成，然后在多项式时间内验证。

然而，在大多数情况下，我们可能不想冒多重世界可能不正确的风险，更不用说实现步骤2的行为仍然是“留给读者的练习”。