Alistra指出了这一点，但未能提供任何例子，所以我会。

您有一个包含10,000个UPC代码的列表，用于您的商店销售的产品。10位UPC，整数价格(便士价格)和30个字符的收据描述。

O(log N)方法:你有一个排序的列表。ASCII是44字节，Unicode是84字节。或者，将UPC视为int64，将得到42和72字节。10,000条记录——在最高的情况下，您看到的存储空间略低于1mb。

O(1)方法:不存储UPC，而是将其用作数组的一个条目。在最低的情况下，您将看到近三分之一tb的存储空间。

Which approach you use depends on your hardware. On most any reasonable modern configuration you're going to use the log N approach. I can picture the second approach being the right answer if for some reason you're running in an environment where RAM is critically short but you have plenty of mass storage. A third of a terabyte on a disk is no big deal, getting your data in one probe of the disk is worth something. The simple binary approach takes 13 on average. (Note, however, that by clustering your keys you can get this down to a guaranteed 3 reads and in practice you would cache the first one.)

A more general question is if there are situations where one would prefer an O(f(n)) algorithm to an O(g(n)) algorithm even though g(n) << f(n) as n tends to infinity. As others have already mentioned, the answer is clearly "yes" in the case where f(n) = log(n) and g(n) = 1. It is sometimes yes even in the case that f(n) is polynomial but g(n) is exponential. A famous and important example is that of the Simplex Algorithm for solving linear programming problems. In the 1970s it was shown to be O(2^n). Thus, its worse-case behavior is infeasible. But -- its average case behavior is extremely good, even for practical problems with tens of thousands of variables and constraints. In the 1980s, polynomial time algorithms (such a Karmarkar's interior-point algorithm) for linear programming were discovered, but 30 years later the simplex algorithm still seems to be the algorithm of choice (except for certain very large problems). This is for the obvious reason that average-case behavior is often more important than worse-case behavior, but also for a more subtle reason that the simplex algorithm is in some sense more informative (e.g. sensitivity information is easier to extract).

我很惊讶没有人提到内存绑定应用程序。

可能存在一种算法具有较少的浮点运算，这要么是因为它的复杂性(即O(1) < O(log n))，要么是因为复杂度前面的常数更小(即2n2 < 6n2)。无论如何，如果较低的FLOP算法的内存限制更大，您可能仍然更喜欢具有更多FLOP的算法。

我所说的“内存受限”是指您经常访问的数据经常超出缓存。为了获取这些数据，在对其执行操作之前，必须将内存从实际内存空间拉到缓存中。这个抓取步骤通常非常慢——比您的操作本身慢得多。

因此，如果你的算法需要更多的操作(但这些操作是在已经在缓存中的数据上执行的[因此不需要读取])，它仍然会在实际的walltime方面以更少的操作(必须在缓存外的数据上执行[因此需要读取])胜过你的算法。

当O(1)中的“1”工作单元相对于O(log n)中的工作单元非常高，且期望集大小较小时。例如，如果数组中只有两到三个项，那么计算Dictionary哈希码可能比迭代数组要慢。

or

当O(1)算法中的内存或其他非时间资源需求相对于O(log n)算法非常大时。

以下是我的观点:

有时，当算法在特定的硬件环境中运行时，会选择较差的复杂度算法来代替较好的算法。假设我们的O(1)算法非顺序地访问一个非常大的固定大小数组的每个元素来解决我们的问题。然后将该阵列放在机械硬盘驱动器或磁带上。

在这种情况下，O(logn)算法(假设它按顺序访问磁盘)变得更有利。

有很多很好的答案，其中一些提到了常量因素，输入大小和内存限制，以及许多其他原因，复杂性只是一个理论指导原则，而不是最终决定现实世界是否适合给定的目的或速度。

这里有一个简单而具体的例子来说明这些想法。假设我们想要找出一个数组是否有重复的元素。简单的二次型方法是编写一个嵌套循环:

const hasDuplicate = arr => { 对于(设I = 0;I < arrr .length;我+ +){ For(令j = I + 1;J < arrr .length;j + +) { If (arr[i] === arr[j]) { 返回true; ｝ ｝ ｝ 返回错误; }; console.log(hasDuplicate([1,2,3,4])); console.log(hasDuplicate([1,2,4,4]));

但这可以通过创建一组数据结构(即删除重复项)，然后将其大小与数组的长度进行比较，在线性时间内完成:

const hasDuplicate = arr => new Set(arr)。== arrr .length; console.log(hasDuplicate([1,2,3,4])); console.log(hasDuplicate([1,2,4,4]));

大O告诉我们，从时间复杂性的角度来看，新的Set方法将更好地扩展。

然而，事实证明，“天真的”二次元方法有很多大O不能解释的:

没有额外的内存占用 没有堆内存分配(没有新的) 临时Set没有垃圾收集 早期的救助;在已知副本可能位于数组前面的情况下，不需要检查多个元素。

如果我们的用例是在有限的小数组上，我们有一个资源受限的环境和/或其他已知的常见情况属性，允许我们通过基准测试建立嵌套循环在特定工作负载上更快，这可能是一个好主意。

另一方面，也许可以预先创建一次集合并重复使用，在所有查找中摊销其开销成本。

这不可避免地导致可维护性/可读性/优雅性和其他“软”成本。在这种情况下，新的Set()方法可能更具可读性，但通常(如果不是更多的话)要获得更好的复杂性需要付出巨大的工程成本。

创建和维护持久的、有状态的Set结构可能会带来bug、内存/缓存压力、代码复杂性和所有其他设计权衡方式。最优地协商这些权衡是软件工程的一个重要部分，而时间复杂性只是帮助指导这个过程的一个因素。

我还没有看到其他一些例子:

In real-time environments, for example resource-constrained embedded systems, sometimes complexity sacrifices are made (typically related to caches and memory or scheduling) to avoid incurring occasional worst-case penalties that can't be tolerated because they might cause jitter. Also in embedded programming, the size of the code itself can cause cache pressure, impacting memory performance. If an algorithm has worse complexity but will result in massive code size savings, that might be a reason to choose it over an algorithm that's theoretically better. In most implementations of recursive linearithmic algorithms like quicksort, when the array is small enough, a quadratic sorting algorithm like insertion sort is often called because the overhead of recursive function calls on increasingly tiny arrays tends to outweigh the cost of nested loops. Insertion sort is also fast on mostly-sorted arrays as the inner loop won't run much. This answer discusses this in an older version of Chrome's V8 engine before they moved to Timsort.