这里有一个非常简单的答案:

Runtime and compile time are programming terms that refer to different stages of software program development. In order to create a program, a developer first writes source code, which defines how the program will function. Small programs may only contain a few hundred lines of source code, while large programs may contain hundreds of thousands of lines of source code. The source code must be compiled into machine code in order to become and executable program. This compilation process is referred to as compile time.(think of a compiler as a translator)

用户可以打开并运行编译后的程序。当应用程序正在运行时，它被称为运行时。

术语“运行时”和“编译时”经常被程序员用来指代不同类型的错误。编译时错误是一种问题，例如语法错误或缺少文件引用，从而阻止程序成功编译。编译器产生编译时错误，并通常指出源代码的哪一行导致了问题。

如果一个程序的源代码已经被编译成一个可执行程序，那么它在程序运行时可能仍然有错误。例子包括不能工作的特性、意外的程序行为或程序崩溃。这些类型的问题被称为运行时错误，因为它们发生在运行时。

参考

对于S.O.来说，这不是一个好问题(这不是一个特定的编程问题)，但总的来说，这不是一个坏问题。

如果您认为这是微不足道的:那么读时与编译时的区别是什么呢?什么时候这是一个有用的区别?编译器在运行时可用的语言呢?Guy Steele(不是笨蛋，他)在CLTL2中写了7页关于EVAL-WHEN的内容，CL程序员可以使用它来控制这一点。两句话只能勉强给出一个定义，而定义本身还远远不够解释。

In general, it's a tough problem that language designers have seemed to try to avoid. They often just say "here's a compiler, it does compile-time things; everything after that is run-time, have fun". C is designed to be simple to implement, not the most flexible environment for computation. When you don't have the compiler available at runtime, or the ability to easily control when an expression is evaluated, you tend to end up with hacks in the language to fake common uses of macros, or users come up with Design Patterns to simulate having more powerful constructs. A simple-to-implement language can definitely be a worthwhile goal, but that doesn't mean it's the end-all-be-all of programming language design. (I don't use EVAL-WHEN much, but I can't imagine life without it.)

关于编译时和运行时的问题空间是巨大的，而且在很大程度上仍未被探索。这并不是说S.O.是进行讨论的正确场所，但我鼓励人们进一步探索这一领域，特别是那些对它应该是什么没有先入为主概念的人。这个问题既不简单也不愚蠢，我们至少可以给检察官指出正确的方向。

不幸的是，我不知道任何好的参考资料。CLTL2稍微讲了一下，但对于学习它并不是很好。

例如:在强类型语言中，类型可以在编译时或运行时检查。在编译时，这意味着如果类型不兼容，编译器将报错。在运行时，意味着你可以很好地编译你的程序，但在运行时，它会抛出一个异常。

简单地说，b/w编译时间和运行时间的差异。

编译时:开发人员以.java格式编写程序，并将其转换为类文件字节码，在编译期间发生的任何错误都可以定义为编译时错误。

运行时:生成的.class文件被应用程序用于它的附加功能&逻辑是错误的，并抛出一个错误，这是一个运行时错误

(编辑:以下内容适用于c#和类似的强类型编程语言。我不确定这是否对你有帮助)。

例如，在运行程序之前，编译器(在编译时)将检测到以下错误，并将导致编译错误:

int i = "string"; --> error at compile-time

另一方面，像下面这样的错误不能被编译器检测到。您将在运行时(当程序运行时)收到一个错误/异常。

Hashtable ht = new Hashtable();
ht.Add("key", "string");
// the compiler does not know what is stored in the hashtable
// under the key "key"
int i = (int)ht["key"];  // --> exception at run-time

Imagine that you are a boss and you have an assistant and a maid, and you give them a list of tasks to do, the assistant (compile time) will grab this list and make a checkup to see if the tasks are understandable and that you didn't write in any awkward language or syntax, so he understands that you want to assign someone for a Job so he assign him for you and he understand that you want some coffee, so his role is over and the maid (run time)starts to run those tasks so she goes to make you some coffee but in sudden she doesn’t find any coffee to make so she stops making it or she acts differently and make you some tea (when the program acts differently because he found an error).