我想从Bash函数返回一个字符串。
我将用java写这个例子来说明我想做什么:
public String getSomeString() {
return "tadaa";
}
String variable = getSomeString();
下面的示例可以在bash中工作,但是是否有更好的方法来做到这一点?
function getSomeString {
echo "tadaa"
}
VARIABLE=$(getSomeString)
我想从Bash函数返回一个字符串。
我将用java写这个例子来说明我想做什么:
public String getSomeString() {
return "tadaa";
}
String variable = getSomeString();
下面的示例可以在bash中工作,但是是否有更好的方法来做到这一点?
function getSomeString {
echo "tadaa"
}
VARIABLE=$(getSomeString)
当前回答
最直接和健壮的解决方案是使用命令替换,就像其他人写的那样:
assign()
{
local x
x="Test"
echo "$x"
}
x=$(assign) # This assigns string "Test" to x
缺点是性能,因为这需要一个单独的过程。
本主题中建议的另一种技术,即传递要赋值的变量的名称作为参数,有副作用,我不推荐它的基本形式。问题是,你可能需要函数中的一些变量来计算返回值,可能发生的情况是,用于存储返回值的变量的名称会干扰其中一个:
assign()
{
local x
x="Test"
eval "$1=\$x"
}
assign y # This assigns string "Test" to y, as expected
assign x # This will NOT assign anything to x in this scope
# because the name "x" is declared as local inside the function
当然,您可以不将函数的内部变量声明为局部变量,但您确实应该始终这样做,否则另一方面,如果存在同名的父作用域,则可能会意外地覆盖父作用域中不相关的变量。
一个可能的解决方法是显式声明传递的变量为全局变量:
assign()
{
local x
eval declare -g $1
x="Test"
eval "$1=\$x"
}
If name "x" is passed as an argument, the second row of the function body will overwrite the previous local declaration. But the names themselves might still interfere, so if you intend to use the value previously stored in the passed variable prior to write the return value there, be aware that you must copy it into another local variable at the very beginning; otherwise the result will be unpredictable! Besides, this will only work in the most recent version of BASH, namely 4.2. More portable code might utilize explicit conditional constructs with the same effect:
assign()
{
if [[ $1 != x ]]; then
local x
fi
x="Test"
eval "$1=\$x"
}
也许最优雅的解决方案是为函数返回值和保留一个全局名称 在您编写的每个函数中一致地使用它。
其他回答
agt@agtsoft:~/temp$ cat ./fc
#!/bin/sh
fcall='function fcall { local res p=$1; shift; fname $*; eval "$p=$res"; }; fcall'
function f1 {
res=$[($1+$2)*2];
}
function f2 {
local a;
eval ${fcall//fname/f1} a 2 3;
echo f2:$a;
}
a=3;
f2;
echo after:a=$a, res=$res
agt@agtsoft:~/temp$ ./fc
f2:10
after:a=3, res=
您还可以捕获函数输出:
#!/bin/bash
function getSomeString() {
echo "tadaa!"
}
return_var=$(getSomeString)
echo $return_var
# Alternative syntax:
return_var=`getSomeString`
echo $return_var
看起来很奇怪,但比使用全局变量更好。传递参数和往常一样,只是把它们放在大括号或反勾号内。
虽然有很多很好的答案,但它们都不是我想要的方式。下面是我的解决方案,要点如下:
帮助健忘的程序员
至少我会努力记住错误检查之后,像这样:
允许用换行字符\n赋值
有些解决方案不允许这样做,因为有些解决方案忘记了要赋值周围的单引号。正确的方法:eval "${returnVariable}='${value}'"或者更好:参见下面的下一点。
使用printf代替eval
只需尝试使用类似myFunction "date && var2"的东西来解决这里的一些假定的解决方案。Eval会执行给它的任何东西。我只想分配值,所以我使用printf -v "${returnVariable}" "%s" "${value}"代替。
对变量名冲突的封装和保护
如果一个不同的用户或至少是对函数了解较少的人(这可能是几个月后的我)正在使用myFunction,我不希望他们知道他必须使用全局返回值名称或禁止使用某些变量名称。这就是为什么我在myFunction的顶部添加了一个名称检查:
if [[ "${1}" = "returnVariable" ]]; then
echo "Cannot give the ouput to \"returnVariable\" as a variable with the same name is used in myFunction()!"
echo "If that is still what you want to do please do that outside of myFunction()!"
return 1
fi
注意,如果你需要检查很多变量,这也可以放在函数本身中。 如果我仍然想使用相同的名称(这里:returnVariable),我只是创建了一个缓冲变量,给myFunction,然后复制值returnVariable。
就是这样:
myFunction ():
myFunction() {
if [[ "${1}" = "returnVariable" ]]; then
echo "Cannot give the ouput to \"returnVariable\" as a variable with the same name is used in myFunction()!"
echo "If that is still what you want to do please do that outside of myFunction()!"
return 1
fi
if [[ "${1}" = "value" ]]; then
echo "Cannot give the ouput to \"value\" as a variable with the same name is used in myFunction()!"
echo "If that is still what you want to do please do that outside of myFunction()!"
return 1
fi
local returnVariable="${1}"
local value=$'===========\nHello World\n==========='
echo "setting the returnVariable now..."
printf -v "${returnVariable}" "%s" "${value}"
}
测试用例:
var1="I'm not greeting!"
myFunction var1
[[ $? -eq 0 ]] && echo "myFunction(): SUCCESS" || echo "myFunction(): FAILURE"
printf "var1:\n%s\n" "${var1}"
# Output:
# setting the returnVariable now...
# myFunction(): SUCCESS
# var1:
# ===========
# Hello World
# ===========
returnVariable="I'm not greeting!"
myFunction returnVariable
[[ $? -eq 0 ]] && echo "myFunction(): SUCCESS" || echo "myFunction(): FAILURE"
printf "returnVariable:\n%s\n" "${returnVariable}"
# Output
# Cannot give the ouput to "returnVariable" as a variable with the same name is used in myFunction()!
# If that is still what you want to do please do that outside of myFunction()!
# myFunction(): FAILURE
# returnVariable:
# I'm not greeting!
var2="I'm not greeting!"
myFunction "date && var2"
[[ $? -eq 0 ]] && echo "myFunction(): SUCCESS" || echo "myFunction(): FAILURE"
printf "var2:\n%s\n" "${var2}"
# Output
# setting the returnVariable now...
# ...myFunction: line ..: printf: `date && var2': not a valid identifier
# myFunction(): FAILURE
# var2:
# I'm not greeting!
myFunction var3
[[ $? -eq 0 ]] && echo "myFunction(): SUCCESS" || echo "myFunction(): FAILURE"
printf "var3:\n%s\n" "${var3}"
# Output
# setting the returnVariable now...
# myFunction(): SUCCESS
# var3:
# ===========
# Hello World
# ===========
最直接和健壮的解决方案是使用命令替换,就像其他人写的那样:
assign()
{
local x
x="Test"
echo "$x"
}
x=$(assign) # This assigns string "Test" to x
缺点是性能,因为这需要一个单独的过程。
本主题中建议的另一种技术,即传递要赋值的变量的名称作为参数,有副作用,我不推荐它的基本形式。问题是,你可能需要函数中的一些变量来计算返回值,可能发生的情况是,用于存储返回值的变量的名称会干扰其中一个:
assign()
{
local x
x="Test"
eval "$1=\$x"
}
assign y # This assigns string "Test" to y, as expected
assign x # This will NOT assign anything to x in this scope
# because the name "x" is declared as local inside the function
当然,您可以不将函数的内部变量声明为局部变量,但您确实应该始终这样做,否则另一方面,如果存在同名的父作用域,则可能会意外地覆盖父作用域中不相关的变量。
一个可能的解决方法是显式声明传递的变量为全局变量:
assign()
{
local x
eval declare -g $1
x="Test"
eval "$1=\$x"
}
If name "x" is passed as an argument, the second row of the function body will overwrite the previous local declaration. But the names themselves might still interfere, so if you intend to use the value previously stored in the passed variable prior to write the return value there, be aware that you must copy it into another local variable at the very beginning; otherwise the result will be unpredictable! Besides, this will only work in the most recent version of BASH, namely 4.2. More portable code might utilize explicit conditional constructs with the same effect:
assign()
{
if [[ $1 != x ]]; then
local x
fi
x="Test"
eval "$1=\$x"
}
也许最优雅的解决方案是为函数返回值和保留一个全局名称 在您编写的每个函数中一致地使用它。
你拥有它的方式是在不破坏范围的情况下做到这一点的唯一方法。Bash没有返回类型的概念,只有退出码和文件描述符(stdin/out/err等)。