You should never just log in and start entering "ALTER TABLE" commands to change a production database. The project I'm on has database on every customer site, and so every change to the database is made in two places, a dump file that is used to create a new database on a new customer site, and an update file that is run on every update which checks your current database version number against the highest number in the file, and updates your database in place. So for instance, the last couple of updates:

if [ $VERSION \< '8.0.108' ] ; then
  psql -U cosuser $dbName << EOF8.0.108
    BEGIN TRANSACTION;
    --
    -- Remove foreign key that shouldn't have been there.
    -- PCR:35665
    --
    ALTER TABLE     migratorjobitems
    DROP CONSTRAINT migratorjobitems_destcmaid_fkey;
    -- 
    -- Increment the version
    UPDATE          sys_info
    SET             value = '8.0.108'
    WHERE           key = 'DB VERSION';
    END TRANSACTION;
EOF8.0.108
fi

if [ $VERSION \< '8.0.109' ] ; then
  psql -U cosuser $dbName << EOF8.0.109
    BEGIN TRANSACTION;
    --
    -- I missed a couple of cases when I changed the legacy playlist
    -- from reporting showplaylistidnum to playlistidnum
    --
    ALTER TABLE     featureidrequestkdcs
    DROP CONSTRAINT featureidrequestkdcs_cosfeatureid_fkey;
    ALTER TABLE     featureidrequestkdcs
    ADD CONSTRAINT  featureidrequestkdcs_cosfeatureid_fkey
    FOREIGN KEY     (cosfeatureid)
    REFERENCES      playlist(playlistidnum)
    ON DELETE       CASCADE;
    --
    ALTER TABLE     ticket_system_ids
    DROP CONSTRAINT ticket_system_ids_showplaylistidnum_fkey;
    ALTER TABLE     ticket_system_ids
    RENAME          showplaylistidnum
    TO              playlistidnum;
    ALTER TABLE     ticket_system_ids
    ADD CONSTRAINT  ticket_system_ids_playlistidnum_fkey
    FOREIGN KEY     (playlistidnum)
    REFERENCES      playlist(playlistidnum)
    ON DELETE       CASCADE;
    -- 
    -- Increment the version
    UPDATE          sys_info
    SET             value = '8.0.109'
    WHERE           key = 'DB VERSION';
    END TRANSACTION;
EOF8.0.109
fi

我相信有更好的方法来做到这一点，但到目前为止，它对我来说是有效的。

是的，我认为版本化你的数据库是很重要的。当然不是数据，而是模式。

在Ruby On Rails中，这是由框架通过“迁移”来处理的。任何时候修改db，都需要编写一个脚本来应用更改并将其检入源代码控制。

我的团队非常喜欢这个想法，所以我们使用shell脚本和Ant将该功能添加到基于java的构建中。我们将该过程集成到部署例程中。在其他不支持DB版本开箱即用的框架中编写脚本来完成同样的事情是相当容易的。

我们在源代码控制下有创建/修改脚本。至于数据库本身，当您有数百个表并且每分钟处理大量数据时，对所有数据库进行版本化将是CPU和HDD的杀手。这就是为什么在我看来，备份仍然是控制数据的最佳方式。

哇，这么多答案。对于可靠的数据库版本控制，您需要对更改数据库的代码进行版本控制。一些CMS提供配置管理工具，比如Drupal 8中的配置管理工具。以下是一个实用步骤的概述，可以安排您的工作流并确保数据库配置是版本化的，即使是在团队环境中:

A big problem, often overlooked, is that for larger web based systems, it is required to have a transitional period or bucket testing approach to making new releases. This makes it essential to have both rollback and a mechanism for supporting both the old and new schema in the same DB. This requires a scaffolding approach (made populist by the Agile DB folks). In this scenario, lack of process in DB source control can be a total disaster. You need old schema scripts, new schema scripts and a set of intermediate scripts, as well as a tidy up, once the system is fully on the new version (or rolled back).

需要的不是从头开始重新创建模式的脚本，而是一种基于状态的方法，在这种方法中，您只需要脚本将DB从一个版本移动到另一个版本，向前或向后移动到所需的状态。您的DB变成了一系列状态脚本，可以轻松地对其进行源代码控制，并与源代码的其余部分一起标记。

我非常喜欢Rails ActiveRecord迁移。它将DML抽象为ruby脚本，然后可以在源存储库中轻松地进行版本化。

然而，通过一些工作，您可以做到同样的事情。任何DDL更改(ALTER TABLE等)都可以存储在文本文件中。为文件名保留编号系统(或日期戳)，并按顺序应用它们。

Rails在DB中还有一个'version'表，用于跟踪上一次应用的迁移。你可以很容易地做到这一点。