比如,我有一个脚本,用这行代码调用:

./myscript -vfd ./foo/bar/someFile -o /fizz/someOtherFile

或者这个:

./myscript -v -f -d -o /fizz/someOtherFile ./foo/bar/someFile 

什么是公认的解析方式,以便在每种情况下(或两者的某种组合)$v、$f和$d都将设置为true,而$outFile将等于/fiz/someOtherFile?


当前回答

根据这里的其他答案,这是我的版本:

#!/bin/bash
set -e

function parse() {
    for arg in "$@"; do # transform long options to short ones
        shift
        case "$arg" in
            "--name") set -- "$@" "-n" ;;
            "--verbose") set -- "$@" "-v" ;;
            *) set -- "$@" "$arg"
        esac
    done

    while getopts "n:v" optname  # left to ":" are flags that expect a value, right to the ":" are flags that expect nothing
    do
        case "$optname" in
            "n") name=${OPTARG} ;;
            "v") verbose=true ;;
        esac
    done
    shift "$((OPTIND-1))" # shift out all the already processed options
}


parse "$@"
echo "hello $name"
if [ ! -z $verbose ]; then echo 'nice to meet you!'; fi

用法:

$ ./parse.sh
hello
$ ./parse.sh -n YOUR_NAME
hello YOUR_NAME
$ ./parse.sh -n YOUR_NAME -v
hello YOUR_NAME
nice to meet you!
$ ./parse.sh -v -n YOUR_NAME
hello YOUR_NAME
nice to meet you!
$ ./parse.sh -v
hello 
nice to meet you!

其他回答

根据这里的其他答案,这是我的版本:

#!/bin/bash
set -e

function parse() {
    for arg in "$@"; do # transform long options to short ones
        shift
        case "$arg" in
            "--name") set -- "$@" "-n" ;;
            "--verbose") set -- "$@" "-v" ;;
            *) set -- "$@" "$arg"
        esac
    done

    while getopts "n:v" optname  # left to ":" are flags that expect a value, right to the ":" are flags that expect nothing
    do
        case "$optname" in
            "n") name=${OPTARG} ;;
            "v") verbose=true ;;
        esac
    done
    shift "$((OPTIND-1))" # shift out all the already processed options
}


parse "$@"
echo "hello $name"
if [ ! -z $verbose ]; then echo 'nice to meet you!'; fi

用法:

$ ./parse.sh
hello
$ ./parse.sh -n YOUR_NAME
hello YOUR_NAME
$ ./parse.sh -n YOUR_NAME -v
hello YOUR_NAME
nice to meet you!
$ ./parse.sh -v -n YOUR_NAME
hello YOUR_NAME
nice to meet you!
$ ./parse.sh -v
hello 
nice to meet you!

getopts非常有用,如果您首先安装了它,然后您打算在同一平台上运行它。例如,OSX和Linux在这方面的表现不同。

这里有一个(非getopts)解决方案,它支持等于、非等于和布尔标志。例如,您可以通过以下方式运行脚本:

./script --arg1=value1 --arg2 value2 --shouldClean

# parse the arguments.
COUNTER=0
ARGS=("$@")
while [ $COUNTER -lt $# ]
do
    arg=${ARGS[$COUNTER]}
    let COUNTER=COUNTER+1
    nextArg=${ARGS[$COUNTER]}

    if [[ $skipNext -eq 1 ]]; then
        echo "Skipping"
        skipNext=0
        continue
    fi

    argKey=""
    argVal=""
    if [[ "$arg" =~ ^\- ]]; then
        # if the format is: -key=value
        if [[ "$arg" =~ \= ]]; then
            argVal=$(echo "$arg" | cut -d'=' -f2)
            argKey=$(echo "$arg" | cut -d'=' -f1)
            skipNext=0

        # if the format is: -key value
        elif [[ ! "$nextArg" =~ ^\- ]]; then
            argKey="$arg"
            argVal="$nextArg"
            skipNext=1

        # if the format is: -key (a boolean flag)
        elif [[ "$nextArg" =~ ^\- ]] || [[ -z "$nextArg" ]]; then
            argKey="$arg"
            argVal=""
            skipNext=0
        fi
    # if the format has not flag, just a value.
    else
        argKey=""
        argVal="$arg"
        skipNext=0
    fi

    case "$argKey" in 
        --source-scmurl)
            SOURCE_URL="$argVal"
        ;;
        --dest-scmurl)
            DEST_URL="$argVal"
        ;;
        --version-num)
            VERSION_NUM="$argVal"
        ;;
        -c|--clean)
            CLEAN_BEFORE_START="1"
        ;;
        -h|--help|-help|--h)
            showUsage
            exit
        ;;
    esac
done

无答案展示了增强的getopt。最热门的答案是误导性的:要么忽略-⁠vfd样式的短选项(OP请求)或位置参数后的选项(OP也请求);并且它忽略解析错误。相反:

使用util-linux或以前的GNUglibc.1中的增强getopt它与GNUglibc的C函数getopt_long()一起工作。本页上没有其他解决方案可以做到这一切:在arguments 2中处理空格、引用字符甚至二进制(非增强型getopt无法做到这一点)它可以在结尾处处理选项:script.sh-o outFile file1 file2-v(getopts不执行此操作)allows=-style long选项:script.sh--outfile=fileOut--infile fileIn(如果自解析,则允许两者都很长)允许组合的短选项,例如-vfd(如果是自解析,则实际工作)允许触摸选项参数,例如-oOutfile或-vfdoOutfile它太旧了,以至于没有GNU系统缺少它(例如,任何Linux都有它)。您可以使用:getopt--test测试它的存在→ 返回值4。其他getopt或shell内置getopt用途有限。

以下通话

myscript -vfd ./foo/bar/someFile -o /fizz/someOtherFile
myscript -v -f -d -o/fizz/someOtherFile -- ./foo/bar/someFile
myscript --verbose --force --debug ./foo/bar/someFile -o/fizz/someOtherFile
myscript --output=/fizz/someOtherFile ./foo/bar/someFile -vfd
myscript ./foo/bar/someFile -df -v --output /fizz/someOtherFile

全部返回

verbose: y, force: y, debug: y, in: ./foo/bar/someFile, out: /fizz/someOtherFile

使用以下myscript

#!/bin/bash
# More safety, by turning some bugs into errors.
# Without `errexit` you don’t need ! and can replace
# ${PIPESTATUS[0]} with a simple $?, but I prefer safety.
set -o errexit -o pipefail -o noclobber -o nounset

# -allow a command to fail with !’s side effect on errexit
# -use return value from ${PIPESTATUS[0]}, because ! hosed $?
! getopt --test > /dev/null 
if [[ ${PIPESTATUS[0]} -ne 4 ]]; then
    echo 'I’m sorry, `getopt --test` failed in this environment.'
    exit 1
fi

# option --output/-o requires 1 argument
LONGOPTS=debug,force,output:,verbose
OPTIONS=dfo:v

# -regarding ! and PIPESTATUS see above
# -temporarily store output to be able to check for errors
# -activate quoting/enhanced mode (e.g. by writing out “--options”)
# -pass arguments only via   -- "$@"   to separate them correctly
! PARSED=$(getopt --options=$OPTIONS --longoptions=$LONGOPTS --name "$0" -- "$@")
if [[ ${PIPESTATUS[0]} -ne 0 ]]; then
    # e.g. return value is 1
    #  then getopt has complained about wrong arguments to stdout
    exit 2
fi
# read getopt’s output this way to handle the quoting right:
eval set -- "$PARSED"

d=n f=n v=n outFile=-
# now enjoy the options in order and nicely split until we see --
while true; do
    case "$1" in
        -d|--debug)
            d=y
            shift
            ;;
        -f|--force)
            f=y
            shift
            ;;
        -v|--verbose)
            v=y
            shift
            ;;
        -o|--output)
            outFile="$2"
            shift 2
            ;;
        --)
            shift
            break
            ;;
        *)
            echo "Programming error"
            exit 3
            ;;
    esac
done

# handle non-option arguments
if [[ $# -ne 1 ]]; then
    echo "$0: A single input file is required."
    exit 4
fi

echo "verbose: $v, force: $f, debug: $d, in: $1, out: $outFile"

1增强的getopt可用于大多数“bash系统”,包括Cygwin;在OS X上,尝试brew安装gnu getopt或sudo端口安装getopt2 POSIX exec()约定没有可靠的方法在命令行参数中传递二进制NULL;这些字节过早地结束了参数3 1997年或之前发布的第一个版本(我只追溯到1997年)

我发现在脚本中编写可移植解析的问题非常令人沮丧,因此我编写了Argbash-一个FOSS代码生成器,它可以为您的脚本生成参数解析代码,并且具有一些不错的功能:

https://argbash.io

getopt()/getopts()是一个很好的选项。从此处复制:

“getopt”的简单用法如下小脚本所示:

#!/bin/bash
echo "Before getopt"
for i
do
  echo $i
done
args=`getopt abc:d $*`
set -- $args
echo "After getopt"
for i
do
  echo "-->$i"
done

我们所说的是,-b、 -c或-d将被允许,但-c后面跟着一个参数(“c:”表示)。如果我们称之为“g”并尝试:

bash-2.05a$ ./g -abc foo
Before getopt
-abc
foo
After getopt
-->-a
-->-b
-->-c
-->foo
-->--

我们从两个参数开始“getopt”将选项和每个人都有自己的论点。它也是添加了“--”。