比如,我有一个脚本,用这行代码调用:
./myscript -vfd ./foo/bar/someFile -o /fizz/someOtherFile
或者这个:
./myscript -v -f -d -o /fizz/someOtherFile ./foo/bar/someFile
什么是公认的解析方式,以便在每种情况下(或两者的某种组合)$v、$f和$d都将设置为true,而$outFile将等于/fiz/someOtherFile?
比如,我有一个脚本,用这行代码调用:
./myscript -vfd ./foo/bar/someFile -o /fizz/someOtherFile
或者这个:
./myscript -v -f -d -o /fizz/someOtherFile ./foo/bar/someFile
什么是公认的解析方式,以便在每种情况下(或两者的某种组合)$v、$f和$d都将设置为true,而$outFile将等于/fiz/someOtherFile?
当前回答
此示例显示了如何使用getopt和eval以及HEREDOC和shift来处理短参数和长参数,以及是否具有以下所需值。此外,switch/case语句简洁易懂。
#!/usr/bin/env bash
# usage function
function usage()
{
cat << HEREDOC
Usage: $progname [--num NUM] [--time TIME_STR] [--verbose] [--dry-run]
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-n, --num NUM pass in a number
-t, --time TIME_STR pass in a time string
-v, --verbose increase the verbosity of the bash script
--dry-run do a dry run, dont change any files
HEREDOC
}
# initialize variables
progname=$(basename $0)
verbose=0
dryrun=0
num_str=
time_str=
# use getopt and store the output into $OPTS
# note the use of -o for the short options, --long for the long name options
# and a : for any option that takes a parameter
OPTS=$(getopt -o "hn:t:v" --long "help,num:,time:,verbose,dry-run" -n "$progname" -- "$@")
if [ $? != 0 ] ; then echo "Error in command line arguments." >&2 ; usage; exit 1 ; fi
eval set -- "$OPTS"
while true; do
# uncomment the next line to see how shift is working
# echo "\$1:\"$1\" \$2:\"$2\""
case "$1" in
-h | --help ) usage; exit; ;;
-n | --num ) num_str="$2"; shift 2 ;;
-t | --time ) time_str="$2"; shift 2 ;;
--dry-run ) dryrun=1; shift ;;
-v | --verbose ) verbose=$((verbose + 1)); shift ;;
-- ) shift; break ;;
* ) break ;;
esac
done
if (( $verbose > 0 )); then
# print out all the parameters we read in
cat <<EOM
num=$num_str
time=$time_str
verbose=$verbose
dryrun=$dryrun
EOM
fi
# The rest of your script below
以上脚本中最重要的几行是:
OPTS=$(getopt -o "hn:t:v" --long "help,num:,time:,verbose,dry-run" -n "$progname" -- "$@")
if [ $? != 0 ] ; then echo "Error in command line arguments." >&2 ; exit 1 ; fi
eval set -- "$OPTS"
while true; do
case "$1" in
-h | --help ) usage; exit; ;;
-n | --num ) num_str="$2"; shift 2 ;;
-t | --time ) time_str="$2"; shift 2 ;;
--dry-run ) dryrun=1; shift ;;
-v | --verbose ) verbose=$((verbose + 1)); shift ;;
-- ) shift; break ;;
* ) break ;;
esac
done
简短,切中要害,可读,处理几乎所有的事情(IMHO)。
希望这对某人有所帮助。
其他回答
有几种方法可以解析cmdline参数(例如GNU getopt(不可移植)vs BSD(MacOS)getopt vs getopts)-所有这些都有问题。此解决方案
是便携式的!没有依赖关系,仅依赖于bash内置允许短期和长期选项处理空格或同时在选项和参数之间使用=分隔符支持串联短选项样式-vxfhandles选项和可选参数(例如--color vs--color=always),正确检测和报告未知选项支持--表示选项结束,以及与相同功能集的替代方案相比,不需要代码膨胀。即简洁,因此易于维护
示例:任何
# flag
-f
--foo
# option with required argument
-b"Hello World"
-b "Hello World"
--bar "Hello World"
--bar="Hello World"
# option with optional argument
--baz
--baz="Optional Hello"
#!/usr/bin/env bash
usage() {
cat - >&2 <<EOF
NAME
program-name.sh - Brief description
SYNOPSIS
program-name.sh [-h|--help]
program-name.sh [-f|--foo]
[-b|--bar <arg>]
[--baz[=<arg>]]
[--]
FILE ...
REQUIRED ARGUMENTS
FILE ...
input files
OPTIONS
-h, --help
Prints this and exits
-f, --foo
A flag option
-b, --bar <arg>
Option requiring an argument <arg>
--baz[=<arg>]
Option that has an optional argument <arg>. If <arg>
is not specified, defaults to 'DEFAULT'
--
Specify end of options; useful if the first non option
argument starts with a hyphen
EOF
}
fatal() {
for i; do
echo -e "${i}" >&2
done
exit 1
}
# For long option processing
next_arg() {
if [[ $OPTARG == *=* ]]; then
# for cases like '--opt=arg'
OPTARG="${OPTARG#*=}"
else
# for cases like '--opt arg'
OPTARG="${args[$OPTIND]}"
OPTIND=$((OPTIND + 1))
fi
}
# ':' means preceding option character expects one argument, except
# first ':' which make getopts run in silent mode. We handle errors with
# wildcard case catch. Long options are considered as the '-' character
optspec=":hfb:-:"
args=("" "$@") # dummy first element so $1 and $args[1] are aligned
while getopts "$optspec" optchar; do
case "$optchar" in
h) usage; exit 0 ;;
f) foo=1 ;;
b) bar="$OPTARG" ;;
-) # long option processing
case "$OPTARG" in
help)
usage; exit 0 ;;
foo)
foo=1 ;;
bar|bar=*) next_arg
bar="$OPTARG" ;;
baz)
baz=DEFAULT ;;
baz=*) next_arg
baz="$OPTARG" ;;
-) break ;;
*) fatal "Unknown option '--${OPTARG}'" "see '${0} --help' for usage" ;;
esac
;;
*) fatal "Unknown option: '-${OPTARG}'" "See '${0} --help' for usage" ;;
esac
done
shift $((OPTIND-1))
if [ "$#" -eq 0 ]; then
fatal "Expected at least one required argument FILE" \
"See '${0} --help' for usage"
fi
echo "foo=$foo, bar=$bar, baz=$baz, files=${@}"
我认为这个很简单:
#!/bin/bash
#
readopt='getopts $opts opt;rc=$?;[ "$rc$opt" = "0?" ]&&exit 1;[ $rc = 0 ]||{ shift $[OPTIND-1];false; }'
opts=vfdo:
# Enumerating options
while eval "$readopt"
do
echo OPT:$opt ${OPTARG+OPTARG:$OPTARG}
done
# Enumerating arguments
for arg
do
echo ARG:$arg
done
调用示例:
./myscript -v -do /fizz/someOtherFile -f ./foo/bar/someFile
OPT:v
OPT:d
OPT:o OPTARG:/fizz/someOtherFile
OPT:f
ARG:./foo/bar/someFile
这是我使用变量数组对Bruno Bronosky答案的改进解决方案。
它允许您混合参数位置,并为您提供一个参数数组,该数组在没有选项的情况下保持顺序
#!/bin/bash
echo $@
PARAMS=()
SOFT=0
SKIP=()
for i in "$@"
do
case $i in
-n=*|--skip=*)
SKIP+=("${i#*=}")
;;
-s|--soft)
SOFT=1
;;
*)
# unknown option
PARAMS+=("$i")
;;
esac
done
echo "SKIP = ${SKIP[@]}"
echo "SOFT = $SOFT"
echo "Parameters:"
echo ${PARAMS[@]}
将输出例如:
$ ./test.sh parameter -s somefile --skip=.c --skip=.obj
parameter -s somefile --skip=.c --skip=.obj
SKIP = .c .obj
SOFT = 1
Parameters:
parameter somefile
在@brunobronosky的回答基础上,我添加了一个“预处理器”来处理一些常见的格式:
将--longopt=val展开为--longopt-val将-xyz展开为-x-y-z支持--表示标志的结束显示意外选项的错误小巧易读的选项开关
#!/bin/bash
# Report usage
usage() {
echo "Usage:"
echo "$(basename "$0") [options] [--] [file1, ...]"
}
invalid() {
echo "ERROR: Unrecognized argument: $1" >&2
usage
exit 1
}
# Pre-process options to:
# - expand -xyz into -x -y -z
# - expand --longopt=arg into --longopt arg
ARGV=()
END_OF_OPT=
while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
arg="$1"; shift
case "${END_OF_OPT}${arg}" in
--) ARGV+=("$arg"); END_OF_OPT=1 ;;
--*=*)ARGV+=("${arg%%=*}" "${arg#*=}") ;;
--*) ARGV+=("$arg") ;;
-*) for i in $(seq 2 ${#arg}); do ARGV+=("-${arg:i-1:1}"); done ;;
*) ARGV+=("$arg") ;;
esac
done
# Apply pre-processed options
set -- "${ARGV[@]}"
# Parse options
END_OF_OPT=
POSITIONAL=()
while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
case "${END_OF_OPT}${1}" in
-h|--help) usage; exit 0 ;;
-p|--password) shift; PASSWORD="$1" ;;
-u|--username) shift; USERNAME="$1" ;;
-n|--name) shift; names+=("$1") ;;
-q|--quiet) QUIET=1 ;;
-C|--copy) COPY=1 ;;
-N|--notify) NOTIFY=1 ;;
--stdin) READ_STDIN=1 ;;
--) END_OF_OPT=1 ;;
-*) invalid "$1" ;;
*) POSITIONAL+=("$1") ;;
esac
shift
done
# Restore positional parameters
set -- "${POSITIONAL[@]}"
我写了一个脚本,可以帮助轻松解析命令行参数https://github.com/unfor19/bargs
示例
$ bash example.sh -n Willy --gender male -a 99
Name: Willy
Age: 99
Gender: male
Location: chocolate-factory
$ bash example.sh -n Meir --gender male
[ERROR] Required argument: age
Usage: bash example.sh -n Willy --gender male -a 99
--person_name | -n [Willy] What is your name?
--age | -a [Required]
--gender | -g [Required]
--location | -l [chocolate-factory] insert your location
$ bash example.sh -h
Usage: bash example.sh -n Willy --gender male -a 99
--person_name | -n [Willy] What is your name?
--age | -a [Required]
--gender | -g [Required]
--location | -l [chocolate-factory] insert your location