除了第二点，其他都是正确的。有符号整型有许多不同的表示法，有些实现使用第一种，有些使用最后一种，还有一些使用完全不同的表示法。这取决于你所使用的平台。

(回答第二个问题)通过只使用符号位(而不是2的补码)，你可以得到-0。不太漂亮。

在嵌入式系统上编程时，必须使用无符号整数。在循环中，当不需要有符号整数时，使用无符号整数将节省设计此类系统所需的安全。

为了完整起见，这里只提几点:

this answer is discussing only integer representations. There may be other answers for floating point; the representation of a negative number can vary. The most common (by far - it's nearly universal today) in use today is two's complement. Other representations include one's complement (quite rare) and signed magnitude (vanishingly rare - probably only used on museum pieces) which is simply using the high bit as a sign indicator with the remain bits representing the absolute value of the number. When using two's complement, the variable can represent a larger range (by one) of negative numbers than positive numbers. This is because zero is included in the 'positive' numbers (since the sign bit is not set for zero), but not the negative numbers. This means that the absolute value of the smallest negative number cannot be represented. when using one's complement or signed magnitude you can have zero represented as either a positive or negative number (which is one of a couple of reasons these representations aren't typically used).

关于这个问题，我找到的最佳答案要感谢IBM引用的XDR标准:

Integer An XDR signed integer is a 32-bit piece of data that encodes an integer in the range [-2147483648,2147483647]. The integer is represented in two's complement notation. The most and least significant bytes are 0 and 3, respectively. The data description of integers is integer. Unsigned integer An XDR unsigned integer is a 32-bit piece of data that encodes a nonnegative integer in the range [0,4294967295]. It is represented by an unsigned binary number whose most and least significant bytes are 0 and 3, respectively. The data description of unsigned integers is unsigned.

参见维基百科上的XDR标准

除此之外，在C语言中，你不能溢出一个无符号整数;行为被定义为模算术。您可以溢出一个有符号整数，并且在理论上(尽管在当前主流系统上没有实践)，溢出可能会触发一个错误(可能类似于除零错误)。