Signed integers in C represent numbers. If a and b are variables of signed integer types, the standard will never require that a compiler make the expression a+=b store into a anything other than the arithmetic sum of their respective values. To be sure, if the arithmetic sum would not fit into a, the processor might not be able to put it there, but the standard would not require the compiler to truncate or wrap the value, or do anything else for that matter if values that exceed the limits for their types. Note that while the standard does not require it, C implementations are allowed to trap arithmetic overflows with signed values.

Unsigned integers in C behave as abstract algebraic rings of integers which are congruent modulo some power of two, except in scenarios involving conversions to, or operations with, larger types. Converting an integer of any size to a 32-bit unsigned type will yield the member corresponding to things which are congruent to that integer mod 4,294,967,296. The reason subtracting 3 from 2 yields 4,294,967,295 is that adding something congruent to 3 to something congruent to 4,294,967,295 will yield something congruent to 2.

Abstract algebraic rings types are often handy things to have; unfortunately, C uses signedness as the deciding factor for whether a type should behave as a ring. Worse, unsigned values are treated as numbers rather than ring members when converted to larger types, and unsigned values smaller than int get converted to numbers when any arithmetic is performed upon them. If v is a uint32_t which equals 4,294,967,294, then v*=v; should make v=4. Unfortunately, if int is 64 bits, then there's no telling what v*=v; could do.

鉴于标准的现状，我建议在需要与代数环相关的行为时使用无符号类型，在需要表示数字时使用有符号类型。不幸的是，C以这种方式进行了区分，但它们就是它们。

Unsigned值可以是一个较大的正数，而不能是负数。

Yes.

Unsigned版本使用前导位作为值的一部分，而signed版本使用最左边的位来识别数字是正还是负。

有不同的表示有符号整数的方法。最容易想象的是使用最左边的位作为标志(符号和幅度)，但更常见的是2的补位。这两种方法在大多数现代微处理器中都有使用——浮点数使用符号和幅度，而整数算术使用2的补数。

有符号整数可以同时包含正数和负数。

Yes.

无符号整数比有符号整数更容易让您陷入特定的陷阱。陷阱来自于这样一个事实:虽然上面的1和3是正确的，但这两种类型的整数都可以被赋值到它可以“容纳”的范围之外，并且它将被无声地转换。

unsigned int ui = -1;
signed int si = -1;

if (ui < 0) {
    printf("unsigned < 0\n");
}
if (si < 0) {
    printf("signed < 0\n");
}
if (ui == si) {
    printf("%d == %d\n", ui, si);
    printf("%ud == %ud\n", ui, si);
}

运行此命令时，您将得到以下输出，尽管这两个值都赋值为-1，且声明方式不同。

signed < 0
-1 == -1
4294967295d == 4294967295d

除了第二点，其他都是正确的。有符号整型有许多不同的表示法，有些实现使用第一种，有些使用最后一种，还有一些使用完全不同的表示法。这取决于你所使用的平台。

(回答第二个问题)通过只使用符号位(而不是2的补码)，你可以得到-0。不太漂亮。

在C语言中，有符号值和无符号值之间唯一保证的区别是有符号值可以为负、0或正，而无符号值只能为0或正。问题是C语言没有定义类型的格式(所以你不知道你的整数是2的补数)。严格来说，你提到的前两点是不正确的。