多线程是为受虐狂准备的。：）

If you are concerned about an environment where you are constantly creating threads/forks, perhaps like a web server handling requests, you can pre-fork processes, hundreds if necessary. Since they are Copy on Write and use the same memory until a write occurs, it's very fast. They can all block, listening on the same socket and the first one to accept an incoming TCP connection gets to run with it. With g++ you can also assign functions and variables to be closely placed in memory (hot segments) to ensure when you do write to memory, and cause an entire page to be copied at least subsequent write activity will occur on the same page. You really have to use a profiler to verify that kind of stuff but if you are concerned about performance, you should be doing that anyway.

Development time of threaded apps is 3x to 10x times longer due to the subtle interaction on shared objects, threading "gotchas" you didn't think of, and very hard to debug because you cannot reproduce thread interaction problems at will. You may have to do all sort of performance killing checks like having invariants in all your classes that are checked before and after every function and you halt the process and load the debugger if something isn't right. Most often it's embarrassing crashes that occur during production and you have to pore through a core dump trying to figure out which threads did what. Frankly, it's not worth the headache when forking processes is just as fast and implicitly thread safe unless you explicitly share something. At least with explicit sharing you know exactly where to look if a threading style problem occurs.

如果性能如此重要，那就增加另一台计算机和负载平衡。对于开发人员调试一个多线程应用程序的成本，即使是由一个有经验的多线程程序编写的应用程序，你可能会买4块40核的英特尔主板，每块都有64g内存。

That being said, there are asymmetric cases where parallel processing isn't appropriate, like, you want a foreground thread to accept user input and show button presses immediately, without waiting for some clunky back end GUI to keep up. Sexy use of threads where multiprocessing isn't geometrically appropriate. Many things like that just variables or pointers. They aren't "handles" that can be shared in a fork. You have to use threads. Even if you did fork, you'd be sharing the same resource and subject to threading style issues.

更复杂的是，还有线程本地存储和Unix共享内存。

Thread-local storage allows each thread to have a separate instance of global objects. The only time I've used it was when constructing an emulation environment on linux/windows, for application code that ran in an RTOS. In the RTOS each task was a process with it's own address space, in the emulation environment, each task was a thread (with a shared address space). By using TLS for things like singletons, we were able to have a separate instance for each thread, just like under the 'real' RTOS environment.

共享内存(显然)可以为您带来让多个进程访问相同内存的性能优势，但代价是必须正确地同步进程。一种方法是让一个进程在共享内存中创建一个数据结构，然后通过传统的进程间通信(如命名管道)向该结构发送句柄。

如果你需要共享资源，你真的应该使用线程。

还要考虑这样一个事实:线程之间的上下文切换比进程之间的上下文切换代价要小得多。

我认为没有理由明确地使用单独的进程，除非你有一个很好的理由这样做(安全，经过验证的性能测试，等等……)

Threads -- > Threads shares a memory space,it is an abstraction of the CPU,it is lightweight. Processes --> Processes have their own memory space,it is an abstraction of a computer. To parallelise task you need to abstract a CPU. However the advantages of using a process over a thread is security,stability while a thread uses lesser memory than process and offers lesser latency. An example in terms of web would be chrome and firefox. In case of Chrome each tab is a new process hence memory usage of chrome is higher than firefox ,while the security and stability provided is better than firefox. The security here provided by chrome is better,since each tab is a new process different tab cannot snoop into the memory space of a given process.

线程/进程之间的决定取决于您将使用它来做什么。 进程的好处之一是它有一个PID，可以在不终止父进程的情况下被杀死。

对于一个真实世界的web服务器的例子，apache 1.3过去只支持多进程，但是在2.0中他们增加了一个抽象，这样你就可以在两者之间切换。评论似乎同意进程更健壮，但线程可以提供更好的性能(除了那些进程性能很差且您只想使用线程的窗口)。

多线程是为受虐狂准备的。：）

If you are concerned about an environment where you are constantly creating threads/forks, perhaps like a web server handling requests, you can pre-fork processes, hundreds if necessary. Since they are Copy on Write and use the same memory until a write occurs, it's very fast. They can all block, listening on the same socket and the first one to accept an incoming TCP connection gets to run with it. With g++ you can also assign functions and variables to be closely placed in memory (hot segments) to ensure when you do write to memory, and cause an entire page to be copied at least subsequent write activity will occur on the same page. You really have to use a profiler to verify that kind of stuff but if you are concerned about performance, you should be doing that anyway.

Development time of threaded apps is 3x to 10x times longer due to the subtle interaction on shared objects, threading "gotchas" you didn't think of, and very hard to debug because you cannot reproduce thread interaction problems at will. You may have to do all sort of performance killing checks like having invariants in all your classes that are checked before and after every function and you halt the process and load the debugger if something isn't right. Most often it's embarrassing crashes that occur during production and you have to pore through a core dump trying to figure out which threads did what. Frankly, it's not worth the headache when forking processes is just as fast and implicitly thread safe unless you explicitly share something. At least with explicit sharing you know exactly where to look if a threading style problem occurs.

如果性能如此重要，那就增加另一台计算机和负载平衡。对于开发人员调试一个多线程应用程序的成本，即使是由一个有经验的多线程程序编写的应用程序，你可能会买4块40核的英特尔主板，每块都有64g内存。

That being said, there are asymmetric cases where parallel processing isn't appropriate, like, you want a foreground thread to accept user input and show button presses immediately, without waiting for some clunky back end GUI to keep up. Sexy use of threads where multiprocessing isn't geometrically appropriate. Many things like that just variables or pointers. They aren't "handles" that can be shared in a fork. You have to use threads. Even if you did fork, you'd be sharing the same resource and subject to threading style issues.