在我看来,拥有一个“总是返回5的函数”破坏或稀释了“调用函数”的意义。必须有一个原因,或者需要这个功能,否则它就不会出现在c++ 11中。为什么会在那里?
// preprocessor.
#define MEANING_OF_LIFE 42
// constants:
const int MeaningOfLife = 42;
// constexpr-function:
constexpr int MeaningOfLife () { return 42; }
在我看来,如果我写一个函数,返回一个字面值,然后我进行代码检查,有人会告诉我,我应该声明一个常量值,而不是返回5。
这里的许多回答似乎有些相反,或者把安静的部分大声说出来,把吵闹的部分小声说出来。关于constexpr你需要知道的一件关键的事情是:
// This guarantees only that the value of "MeaningOfLife" can not be changed
// from the value calculated on this line by "complex_initialization()"
// (unless you cast away the const of course, don't do that).
// Critically here, everything happens at *runtime*.
const int MeaningOfLife = complex_initialization(1234, 5678, "hello");
// This guarantees that "MeaningOfLife" is fully evaluated and "initialized"
// *at compile time*. If that is not possible due to complex_initialization()
// not being evaluatable at compile time, the compiler is required to abort
// compilation of the program.
// Critically here, to put a fine point on it, everything happens at
// *compile time*, guaranteed. There won't be a runtime call to
// complex_initialization() at all in the final program.
constexpr int MeaningOfLife = complex_initialization(1234, 5678, "hello");
注意,是左边的常量使保证有存在的理由。当然,这取决于你是否能确保右边的值在编译时被求出来,重要的是,仅仅声明一个函数constexpr本身并不能做到这一点。
因此,您的问题的答案是,当您需要或希望它的初始化(右边发生的所有事情)完全在编译时发生或中断构建时,您应该声明一个变量constexpr。
所有其他的答案都很棒,我只是想给一个很酷的例子,你可以用constexpr做一件很棒的事情。See-Phit (https://github.com/rep-movsd/see-phit/blob/master/seephit.h)是一个编译时HTML解析器和模板引擎。这意味着您可以放入HTML,然后取出能够操作的树。在编译时进行解析可以提供一些额外的性能。
从github页面的例子:
#include <iostream>
#include "seephit.h"
using namespace std;
int main()
{
constexpr auto parser =
R"*(
<span >
<p color="red" height='10' >{{name}} is a {{profession}} in {{city}}</p >
</span>
)*"_html;
spt::tree spt_tree(parser);
spt::template_dict dct;
dct["name"] = "Mary";
dct["profession"] = "doctor";
dct["city"] = "London";
spt_tree.root.render(cerr, dct);
cerr << endl;
dct["city"] = "New York";
dct["name"] = "John";
dct["profession"] = "janitor";
spt_tree.root.render(cerr, dct);
cerr << endl;
}