我找不到一个明确的答案。据我所知,在Python类中不能有多个__init__函数。那么如何解决这个问题呢?
假设我有一个名为Cheese的类,它具有number_of_holes属性。我怎么能有两种方法来创建奶酪对象…
其中一个需要像这样的洞的数量:帕玛森=奶酪(num_holes = 15)。
还有一个不带参数,只是随机number_of_holes属性:gouda = Cheese()。
我只能想到一种方法来做到这一点,但这似乎很笨拙:
class Cheese():
def __init__(self, num_holes = 0):
if (num_holes == 0):
# Randomize number_of_holes
else:
number_of_holes = num_holes
你说呢?还有别的办法吗?
class Cheese:
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
"""A user-friendly initialiser for the general-purpose constructor.
"""
...
def _init_parmesan(self, *args, **kwargs):
"""A special initialiser for Parmesan cheese.
"""
...
def _init_gauda(self, *args, **kwargs):
"""A special initialiser for Gauda cheese.
"""
...
@classmethod
def make_parmesan(cls, *args, **kwargs):
new = cls.__new__(cls)
new._init_parmesan(*args, **kwargs)
return new
@classmethod
def make_gauda(cls, *args, **kwargs):
new = cls.__new__(cls)
new._init_gauda(*args, **kwargs)
return new
这里(引用前面的答案,文档中classmethod的纯Python版本,正如这条评论所建议的那样)是一个可以用来创建多个构造函数的装饰器。
from types import MethodType
from functools import wraps
class constructor:
def __init__(self, func):
@wraps(func)
def wrapped(cls, *args, **kwargs):
obj = cls.__new__(cls) # Create new instance but don't init
super(cls, obj).__init__() # Init any classes it inherits from
func(obj, *args, **kwargs) # Run the constructor with obj as self
return obj
self.wrapped = wrapped
def __get__(self, _, cls):
return MethodType(self.wrapped, cls) # Bind this constructor to the class
class Test:
def __init__(self, data_sequence):
""" Default constructor, initiates with data sequence """
self.data = [item ** 2 for item in data_sequence]
@constructor
def zeros(self, size):
""" Initiates with zeros """
self.data = [0 for _ in range(size)]
a = Test([1,2,3])
b = Test.zeros(100)
在某些情况下,这似乎是最干净的方法(例如,Pandas中的多个dataframe构造函数),在这些情况下,为单个构造函数提供多个可选参数将是不方便的:例如,它将需要太多参数,不可读,速度较慢或使用更多的内存。然而,正如前面的评论所指出的,在大多数情况下,通过一个带有可选参数的构造函数路由,在需要的地方添加类方法可能更符合python的规则。
我还没有看到一个直截了当的答案。想法很简单:
使用__init__作为“基本”构造函数,因为python只允许一个__init__方法
使用@classmethod创建任何其他构造函数并调用基本构造函数
这是一个新的尝试。
class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
@classmethod
def fromBirthYear(cls, name, birthYear):
return cls(name, date.today().year - birthYear)
用法:
p = Person('tim', age=18)
p = Person.fromBirthYear('tim', birthYear=2004)
class Cheese:
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
"""A user-friendly initialiser for the general-purpose constructor.
"""
...
def _init_parmesan(self, *args, **kwargs):
"""A special initialiser for Parmesan cheese.
"""
...
def _init_gauda(self, *args, **kwargs):
"""A special initialiser for Gauda cheese.
"""
...
@classmethod
def make_parmesan(cls, *args, **kwargs):
new = cls.__new__(cls)
new._init_parmesan(*args, **kwargs)
return new
@classmethod
def make_gauda(cls, *args, **kwargs):
new = cls.__new__(cls)
new._init_gauda(*args, **kwargs)
return new
实际上,对于“魔幻”价值观来说,None要好得多:
class Cheese():
def __init__(self, num_holes = None):
if num_holes is None:
...
现在,如果你想要完全自由地添加更多参数:
class Cheese():
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
#args -- tuple of anonymous arguments
#kwargs -- dictionary of named arguments
self.num_holes = kwargs.get('num_holes',random_holes())
为了更好地解释*args和**kwargs的概念(实际上您可以更改这些名称):
def f(*args, **kwargs):
print 'args: ', args, ' kwargs: ', kwargs
>>> f('a')
args: ('a',) kwargs: {}
>>> f(ar='a')
args: () kwargs: {'ar': 'a'}
>>> f(1,2,param=3)
args: (1, 2) kwargs: {'param': 3}
http://docs.python.org/reference/expressions.html#calls