上面的一个答案中有一个mab的注释，它有这个方法。瓶颈有move_mean，这是一个简单的移动平均:

import numpy as np
import bottleneck as bn

a = np.arange(10) + np.random.random(10)

mva = bn.move_mean(a, window=2, min_count=1)

Min_count是一个很方便的参数，它可以取数组中该点的移动平均值。如果你不设置min_count，它将等于window，并且直到window points的所有内容都将是nan。

如果你必须为非常小的数组(少于200个元素)重复这样做，我发现只用线性代数就能得到最快的结果。 最慢的部分是建立你的乘法矩阵y，你只需要做一次，但之后可能会更快。

import numpy as np
import random 

N = 100      # window size
size =200     # array length

x = np.random.random(size)
y = np.eye(size, dtype=float)

# prepare matrix
for i in range(size):
  y[i,i:i+N] = 1./N
  
# calculate running mean
z = np.inner(x,y.T)[N-1:]

从其他答案来看，我不认为这是问题所要求的，但我需要保持一个不断增长的值列表的运行平均值。

因此，如果你想保持从某个地方(站点，测量设备等)获取的值的列表和最近n个值更新的平均值，你可以使用下面的代码，这将最大限度地减少添加新元素的工作:

class Running_Average(object):
    def __init__(self, buffer_size=10):
        """
        Create a new Running_Average object.

        This object allows the efficient calculation of the average of the last
        `buffer_size` numbers added to it.

        Examples
        --------
        >>> a = Running_Average(2)
        >>> a.add(1)
        >>> a.get()
        1.0
        >>> a.add(1)  # there are two 1 in buffer
        >>> a.get()
        1.0
        >>> a.add(2)  # there's a 1 and a 2 in the buffer
        >>> a.get()
        1.5
        >>> a.add(2)
        >>> a.get()  # now there's only two 2 in the buffer
        2.0
        """
        self._buffer_size = int(buffer_size)  # make sure it's an int
        self.reset()

    def add(self, new):
        """
        Add a new number to the buffer, or replaces the oldest one there.
        """
        new = float(new)  # make sure it's a float
        n = len(self._buffer)
        if n < self.buffer_size:  # still have to had numbers to the buffer.
            self._buffer.append(new)
            if self._average != self._average:  # ~ if isNaN().
                self._average = new  # no previous numbers, so it's new.
            else:
                self._average *= n  # so it's only the sum of numbers.
                self._average += new  # add new number.
                self._average /= (n+1)  # divide by new number of numbers.
        else:  # buffer full, replace oldest value.
            old = self._buffer[self._index]  # the previous oldest number.
            self._buffer[self._index] = new  # replace with new one.
            self._index += 1  # update the index and make sure it's...
            self._index %= self.buffer_size  # ... smaller than buffer_size.
            self._average -= old/self.buffer_size  # remove old one...
            self._average += new/self.buffer_size  # ...and add new one...
            # ... weighted by the number of elements.

    def __call__(self):
        """
        Return the moving average value, for the lazy ones who don't want
        to write .get .
        """
        return self._average

    def get(self):
        """
        Return the moving average value.
        """
        return self()

    def reset(self):
        """
        Reset the moving average.

        If for some reason you don't want to just create a new one.
        """
        self._buffer = []  # could use np.empty(self.buffer_size)...
        self._index = 0  # and use this to keep track of how many numbers.
        self._average = float('nan')  # could use np.NaN .

    def get_buffer_size(self):
        """
        Return current buffer_size.
        """
        return self._buffer_size

    def set_buffer_size(self, buffer_size):
        """
        >>> a = Running_Average(10)
        >>> for i in range(15):
        ...     a.add(i)
        ...
        >>> a()
        9.5
        >>> a._buffer  # should not access this!!
        [10.0, 11.0, 12.0, 13.0, 14.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0]

        Decreasing buffer size:
        >>> a.buffer_size = 6
        >>> a._buffer  # should not access this!!
        [9.0, 10.0, 11.0, 12.0, 13.0, 14.0]
        >>> a.buffer_size = 2
        >>> a._buffer
        [13.0, 14.0]

        Increasing buffer size:
        >>> a.buffer_size = 5
        Warning: no older data available!
        >>> a._buffer
        [13.0, 14.0]

        Keeping buffer size:
        >>> a = Running_Average(10)
        >>> for i in range(15):
        ...     a.add(i)
        ...
        >>> a()
        9.5
        >>> a._buffer  # should not access this!!
        [10.0, 11.0, 12.0, 13.0, 14.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0]
        >>> a.buffer_size = 10  # reorders buffer!
        >>> a._buffer
        [5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0, 11.0, 12.0, 13.0, 14.0]
        """
        buffer_size = int(buffer_size)
        # order the buffer so index is zero again:
        new_buffer = self._buffer[self._index:]
        new_buffer.extend(self._buffer[:self._index])
        self._index = 0
        if self._buffer_size < buffer_size:
            print('Warning: no older data available!')  # should use Warnings!
        else:
            diff = self._buffer_size - buffer_size
            print(diff)
            new_buffer = new_buffer[diff:]
        self._buffer_size = buffer_size
        self._buffer = new_buffer

    buffer_size = property(get_buffer_size, set_buffer_size)

你可以测试它，例如:

def graph_test(N=200):
    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
    values = list(range(N))
    values_average_calculator = Running_Average(N/2)
    values_averages = []
    for value in values:
        values_average_calculator.add(value)
        values_averages.append(values_average_calculator())
    fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1)
    ax.plot(values, label='values')
    ax.plot(values_averages, label='averages')
    ax.grid()
    ax.set_xlim(0, N)
    ax.set_ylim(0, N)
    fig.show()

这使:

Python标准库解决方案

这个生成器函数接受一个可迭代对象和一个窗口大小为N的值，并生成窗口内当前值的平均值。它使用了deque，这是一种类似于列表的数据结构，但针对在两端进行快速修改(弹出、追加)进行了优化。

from collections import deque
from itertools import islice

def sliding_avg(iterable, N):        
    it = iter(iterable)
    window = deque(islice(it, N))        
    num_vals = len(window)

    if num_vals < N:
        msg = 'window size {} exceeds total number of values {}'
        raise ValueError(msg.format(N, num_vals))

    N = float(N) # force floating point division if using Python 2
    s = sum(window)
    
    while True:
        yield s/N
        try:
            nxt = next(it)
        except StopIteration:
            break
        s = s - window.popleft() + nxt
        window.append(nxt)
        

下面是函数的运行情况:

>>> values = range(100)
>>> N = 5
>>> window_avg = sliding_avg(values, N)
>>> 
>>> next(window_avg) # (0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4)/5
>>> 2.0
>>> next(window_avg) # (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5)/5
>>> 3.0
>>> next(window_avg) # (2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6)/5
>>> 4.0

如果你选择自己生成，而不是使用现有的库，请注意浮点错误并尽量减少其影响:

class SumAccumulator:
    def __init__(self):
        self.values = [0]
        self.count = 0

    def add( self, val ):
        self.values.append( val )
        self.count = self.count + 1
        i = self.count
        while i & 0x01:
            i = i >> 1
            v0 = self.values.pop()
            v1 = self.values.pop()
            self.values.append( v0 + v1 )

    def get_total(self):
        return sum( reversed(self.values) )

    def get_size( self ):
        return self.count

如果所有的值都是大致相同的数量级，那么这将通过始终添加大致相似的数量级值来帮助保持精度。

我知道这是一个老问题，但这里有一个解决方案，它不使用任何额外的数据结构或库。它在输入列表的元素数量上是线性的，我想不出任何其他方法来使它更有效(实际上，如果有人知道更好的分配结果的方法，请告诉我)。

注意:使用numpy数组而不是列表会快得多，但我想消除所有依赖关系。通过多线程执行也可以提高性能

该函数假设输入列表是一维的，所以要小心。

### Running mean/Moving average
def running_mean(l, N):
    sum = 0
    result = list( 0 for x in l)

    for i in range( 0, N ):
        sum = sum + l[i]
        result[i] = sum / (i+1)

    for i in range( N, len(l) ):
        sum = sum - l[i-N] + l[i]
        result[i] = sum / N

    return result

例子

假设我们有一个列表data =[1,2,3,4,5,6]，我们想在它上面计算周期为3的滚动平均值，并且你还想要一个与输入列表相同大小的输出列表(这是最常见的情况)。

第一个元素的索引为0，因此滚动平均值应该在索引为-2、-1和0的元素上计算。显然，我们没有data[-2]和data[-1](除非您想使用特殊的边界条件)，因此我们假设这些元素为0。这相当于对列表进行零填充，除了我们实际上不填充它，只是跟踪需要填充的索引(从0到N-1)。

所以，对于前N个元素，我们只是在累加器中不断地把元素加起来。

result[0] = (0 + 0 + 1) / 3  = 0.333    ==   (sum + 1) / 3
result[1] = (0 + 1 + 2) / 3  = 1        ==   (sum + 2) / 3
result[2] = (1 + 2 + 3) / 3  = 2        ==   (sum + 3) / 3

从元素N+1开始，简单的累加是行不通的。我们期望的结果是[3]=(2 + 3 + 4)/3 = 3，但这与(sum + 4)/3 = 3.333不同。

计算正确值的方法是用sum+4减去数据[0]= 1，从而得到sum+4 - 1 = 9。

这是因为目前sum =数据[0]+数据[1]+数据[2]，但对于每个i >= N也是如此，因为在减法之前，sum是数据[i-N] +…+ data[i-2] + data[i-1]。