为什么不可能重写静态方法?

如果可能,请举例说明。


当前回答

重写依赖于类的实例。多态性的意义在于,您可以子类化一个类,而实现这些子类的对象对于父类中定义的相同方法将具有不同的行为(并且在子类中被重写)。静态方法不与类的任何实例相关联,因此这个概念不适用。

There were two considerations driving Java's design that impacted this. One was a concern with performance: there had been a lot of criticism of Smalltalk about it being too slow (garbage collection and polymorphic calls being part of that) and Java's creators were determined to avoid that. Another was the decision that the target audience for Java was C++ developers. Making static methods work the way they do had the benefit of familiarity for C++ programmers and was also very fast, because there's no need to wait until runtime to figure out which method to call.

其他回答

重写静态方法有什么好处呢?不能通过实例调用静态方法。

MyClass.static1()
MySubClass.static1()   // If you overrode, you have to call it through MySubClass anyway.

编辑:似乎由于语言设计中的一个不幸疏忽,您可以通过实例调用静态方法。一般没人会这么做。我的坏。

重写是为实例成员保留的,以支持多态行为。静态类成员不属于特定实例。相反,静态成员属于类,因此不支持重写,因为子类只继承受保护和公共实例成员,而不继承静态成员。您可能希望定义一个接口,并研究工厂和/或策略设计模式,以评估替代方法。

其实我们错了。 尽管Java默认情况下不允许重写静态方法,但如果你彻底查看Java中Class和Method类的文档,你仍然可以通过以下工作方法来模拟静态方法重写:

import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.math.BigDecimal;

class RegularEmployee {

    private BigDecimal salary = BigDecimal.ONE;

    public void setSalary(BigDecimal salary) {
        this.salary = salary;
    }
    public static BigDecimal getBonusMultiplier() {
        return new BigDecimal(".02");
    }
    public BigDecimal calculateBonus() {
        return salary.multiply(this.getBonusMultiplier());
    }
    public BigDecimal calculateOverridenBonus() {
        try {
            // System.out.println(this.getClass().getDeclaredMethod(
            // "getBonusMultiplier").toString());
            try {
                return salary.multiply((BigDecimal) this.getClass()
                    .getDeclaredMethod("getBonusMultiplier").invoke(this));
            } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            } catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        } catch (SecurityException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }
        return null;
    }
    // ... presumably lots of other code ...
}

final class SpecialEmployee extends RegularEmployee {

    public static BigDecimal getBonusMultiplier() {
        return new BigDecimal(".03");
    }
}

public class StaticTestCoolMain {

    static public void main(String[] args) {
        RegularEmployee Alan = new RegularEmployee();
        System.out.println(Alan.calculateBonus());
        System.out.println(Alan.calculateOverridenBonus());
        SpecialEmployee Bob = new SpecialEmployee();
        System.out.println(Bob.calculateBonus());
        System.out.println(Bob.calculateOverridenBonus());
    }
}

输出结果:

0.02
0.02
0.02
0.03

我们想要达到的目标:)

即使我们将第三个变量Carl声明为regulareemployee并给它分配了SpecialEmployee实例,我们仍然会在第一种情况下调用regulareemployee方法,在第二种情况下调用SpecialEmployee方法

RegularEmployee Carl = new SpecialEmployee();

System.out.println(Carl.calculateBonus());
System.out.println(Carl.calculateOverridenBonus());

看看输出控制台:

0.02
0.03

;)

下面的代码表明这是可能的:

class OverridenStaticMeth {   

static void printValue() {   
System.out.println("Overriden Meth");   
}   

}   

public class OverrideStaticMeth extends OverridenStaticMeth {   

static void printValue() {   
System.out.println("Overriding Meth");   
}   

public static void main(String[] args) {   
OverridenStaticMeth osm = new OverrideStaticMeth();   
osm.printValue();   

System.out.println("now, from main");
printValue();

}   

} 

方法重写可以通过动态调度实现,这意味着对象的声明类型不决定其行为,而是决定其运行时类型:

Animal lassie = new Dog();
lassie.speak(); // outputs "woof!"
Animal kermit = new Frog();
kermit.speak(); // outputs "ribbit!"

尽管lassie和kermit都声明为Animal类型的对象,但它们的行为(method .speak())会有所不同,因为动态调度只会在运行时将方法调用.speak()绑定到实现,而不是在编译时。

现在,这里是静态关键字开始有意义的地方:单词“静态”是“动态”的反义词。所以你不能重写静态方法的原因是因为静态成员上没有动态分派——因为静态字面上的意思是“非动态的”。如果它们是动态分派的(因此可以被重写),静态关键字就没有意义了。