我正在寻找一个类似的解决方案，试图找到在PostgreSQL和HSQLDB中工作的SQL。(HSQLDB使这变得困难。)以你的例子为基础，这是我在其他地方发现的格式。

sql = "INSERT INTO hundred (name,name_slug,status)"
sql += " ( SELECT " + hundred + ", '" + hundred_slug + "', " + status
sql += " FROM hundred"
sql += " WHERE name = " + hundred + " AND name_slug = '" + hundred_slug + "' AND status = " + status
sql += " HAVING COUNT(*) = 0 );"

不幸的是，PostgreSQL既不支持MERGE也不支持ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE，所以你必须在两个语句中完成:

UPDATE  invoices
SET     billed = 'TRUE'
WHERE   invoices = '12345'

INSERT
INTO    invoices (invoiceid, billed)
SELECT  '12345', 'TRUE'
WHERE   '12345' NOT IN
        (
        SELECT  invoiceid
        FROM    invoices
        )

你可以把它包装成一个函数:

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION fn_upd_invoices(id VARCHAR(32), billed VARCHAR(32))
RETURNS VOID
AS
$$
        UPDATE  invoices
        SET     billed = $2
        WHERE   invoices = $1;

        INSERT
        INTO    invoices (invoiceid, billed)
        SELECT  $1, $2
        WHERE   $1 NOT IN
                (
                SELECT  invoiceid
                FROM    invoices
                );
$$
LANGUAGE 'sql';

就叫它:

SELECT  fn_upd_invoices('12345', 'TRUE')

在PostgreSQL中使用WITH查询有一个很好的方法来执行有条件的INSERT: 如:

WITH a as(
select 
 id 
from 
 schema.table_name 
where 
 column_name = your_identical_column_value
)
INSERT into 
 schema.table_name
(col_name1, col_name2)
SELECT
    (col_name1, col_name2)
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
     SELECT
         id
     FROM
         a
        )
  RETURNING id 

你可以在Postgres中使用VALUES:

INSERT INTO person (name)
    SELECT name FROM person
    UNION 
    VALUES ('Bob')
    EXCEPT
    SELECT name FROM person;

这正是我所面临的问题，我的版本是9.5

我用下面的SQL查询来解决它。

INSERT INTO example_table (id, name)
SELECT 1 AS id, 'John' AS name FROM example_table
WHERE NOT EXISTS(
            SELECT id FROM example_table WHERE id = 1
    )
LIMIT 1;

希望这能帮助那些在>= 9.5版本有同样问题的人。

感谢阅读。

这是一个通用的python函数，给定表名，列和值，生成相当于postgresql的upsert。

进口json

def upsert(table_name, id_column, other_columns, values_hash):

    template = """
    WITH new_values ($$ALL_COLUMNS$$) as (
      values
         ($$VALUES_LIST$$)
    ),
    upsert as
    (
        update $$TABLE_NAME$$ m
            set
                $$SET_MAPPINGS$$
        FROM new_values nv
        WHERE m.$$ID_COLUMN$$ = nv.$$ID_COLUMN$$
        RETURNING m.*
    )
    INSERT INTO $$TABLE_NAME$$ ($$ALL_COLUMNS$$)
    SELECT $$ALL_COLUMNS$$
    FROM new_values
    WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1
                      FROM upsert up
                      WHERE up.$$ID_COLUMN$$ = new_values.$$ID_COLUMN$$)
    """

    all_columns = [id_column] + other_columns
    all_columns_csv = ",".join(all_columns)
    all_values_csv = ','.join([query_value(values_hash[column_name]) for column_name in all_columns])
    set_mappings = ",".join([ c+ " = nv." +c for c in other_columns])

    q = template
    q = q.replace("$$TABLE_NAME$$", table_name)
    q = q.replace("$$ID_COLUMN$$", id_column)
    q = q.replace("$$ALL_COLUMNS$$", all_columns_csv)
    q = q.replace("$$VALUES_LIST$$", all_values_csv)
    q = q.replace("$$SET_MAPPINGS$$", set_mappings)

    return q


def query_value(value):
    if value is None:
        return "NULL"
    if type(value) in [str, unicode]:
        return "'%s'" % value.replace("'", "''")
    if type(value) == dict:
        return "'%s'" % json.dumps(value).replace("'", "''")
    if type(value) == bool:
        return "%s" % value
    if type(value) == int:
        return "%s" % value
    return value


if __name__ == "__main__":

    my_table_name = 'mytable'
    my_id_column = 'id'
    my_other_columns = ['field1', 'field2']
    my_values_hash = {
        'id': 123,
        'field1': "john",
        'field2': "doe"
    }
    print upsert(my_table_name, my_id_column, my_other_columns, my_values_hash)