我正在寻找一个类似的解决方案，试图找到在PostgreSQL和HSQLDB中工作的SQL。(HSQLDB使这变得困难。)以你的例子为基础，这是我在其他地方发现的格式。

sql = "INSERT INTO hundred (name,name_slug,status)"
sql += " ( SELECT " + hundred + ", '" + hundred_slug + "', " + status
sql += " FROM hundred"
sql += " WHERE name = " + hundred + " AND name_slug = '" + hundred_slug + "' AND status = " + status
sql += " HAVING COUNT(*) = 0 );"

不幸的是，PostgreSQL既不支持MERGE也不支持ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE，所以你必须在两个语句中完成:

UPDATE  invoices
SET     billed = 'TRUE'
WHERE   invoices = '12345'

INSERT
INTO    invoices (invoiceid, billed)
SELECT  '12345', 'TRUE'
WHERE   '12345' NOT IN
        (
        SELECT  invoiceid
        FROM    invoices
        )

你可以把它包装成一个函数:

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION fn_upd_invoices(id VARCHAR(32), billed VARCHAR(32))
RETURNS VOID
AS
$$
        UPDATE  invoices
        SET     billed = $2
        WHERE   invoices = $1;

        INSERT
        INTO    invoices (invoiceid, billed)
        SELECT  $1, $2
        WHERE   $1 NOT IN
                (
                SELECT  invoiceid
                FROM    invoices
                );
$$
LANGUAGE 'sql';

就叫它:

SELECT  fn_upd_invoices('12345', 'TRUE')

你可以在Postgres中使用VALUES:

INSERT INTO person (name)
    SELECT name FROM person
    UNION 
    VALUES ('Bob')
    EXCEPT
    SELECT name FROM person;

插入……“不存在的地方”是个好方法。而竞争条件可以通过事务“信封”来避免:

BEGIN;
LOCK TABLE hundred IN SHARE ROW EXCLUSIVE MODE;
INSERT ... ;
COMMIT;

在PostgreSQL中使用WITH查询有一个很好的方法来执行有条件的INSERT: 如:

WITH a as(
select 
 id 
from 
 schema.table_name 
where 
 column_name = your_identical_column_value
)
INSERT into 
 schema.table_name
(col_name1, col_name2)
SELECT
    (col_name1, col_name2)
WHERE NOT EXISTS (
     SELECT
         id
     FROM
         a
        )
  RETURNING id 

Postgres 9.5(发布于2016-01-07)提供了一个“upsert”命令，也称为插入的ON冲突子句:

INSERT ... ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING/UPDATE

它解决了您在使用并发操作时可能遇到的许多微妙问题，其他一些答案也提出了这些问题。