哪个更快:堆栈分配还是堆分配

这个问题可能听起来相当简单，但这是我与另一位开发人员的争论。

我小心地在我可以的地方进行堆栈分配，而不是堆分配。他和我说话，看着我的肩膀，并评论说，这是没有必要的，因为他们的表现是一样的。

在我的印象中，增加堆栈是一个常数时间，而堆分配的性能取决于当前堆的复杂性，包括分配(找到合适大小的孔)和反分配(缩小孔以减少碎片，如果我没有弄错的话，许多标准库实现在删除过程中需要时间来做这件事)。

在我看来，这可能非常依赖于编译器。在这个项目中，我特别使用了一个用于PPC架构的Metrowerks编译器。对这种组合的深入了解将是最有帮助的，但一般来说，对于GCC和msvc++，情况如何?堆分配不如堆栈分配高效吗?没有区别吗?还是差异如此之小以至于变成了毫无意义的微观优化。

当前回答

您可以为特定大小的对象编写一个非常高性能的特殊堆分配器。但是，一般的堆分配器性能不是特别好。

我也同意Torbjörn Gyllebring关于对象的预期生命期的观点。好点!

2008-10-02 06:08:22

其他回答

Remark that the considerations are typically not about speed and performance when choosing stack versus heap allocation. The stack acts like a stack, which means it is well suited for pushing blocks and popping them again, last in, first out. Execution of procedures is also stack-like, last procedure entered is first to be exited. In most programming languages, all the variables needed in a procedure will only be visible during the procedure's execution, thus they are pushed upon entering a procedure and popped off the stack upon exit or return.

现在来看一个不能使用堆栈的例子:

Proc P
{
  pointer x;
  Proc S
  {
    pointer y;
    y = allocate_some_data();
    x = y;
  }
}

If you allocate some memory in procedure S and put it on the stack and then exit S, the allocated data will be popped off the stack. But the variable x in P also pointed to that data, so x is now pointing to some place underneath the stack pointer (assume stack grows downwards) with an unknown content. The content might still be there if the stack pointer is just moved up without clearing the data beneath it, but if you start allocating new data on the stack, the pointer x might actually point to that new data instead.

2013-06-07 08:24:38

通常，堆栈分配只是由堆栈指针寄存器中的减法组成。这比搜索堆快多了。

Sometimes stack allocation requires adding a page(s) of virtual memory. Adding a new page of zeroed memory doesn't require reading a page from disk, so usually this is still going to be tons faster than searching a heap (especially if part of the heap was paged out too). In a rare situation, and you could construct such an example, enough space just happens to be available in part of the heap which is already in RAM, but allocating a new page for the stack has to wait for some other page to get written out to disk. In that rare situation, the heap is faster.

2008-10-02 06:18:26

我想说的是，实际上GCC生成的代码(我还记得VS)不需要做堆栈分配的开销。

对以下函数表示:

  int f(int i)
  {
      if (i > 0)
      {   
          int array[1000];
      }   
  }

下面是生成的代码:

  __Z1fi:
  Leh_func_begin1:
      pushq   %rbp
  Ltmp0:
      movq    %rsp, %rbp
  Ltmp1:
      subq    $**3880**, %rsp <--- here we have the array allocated, even the if doesn't excited.
  Ltmp2:
      movl    %edi, -4(%rbp)
      movl    -8(%rbp), %eax
      addq    $3880, %rsp
      popq    %rbp
      ret 
  Leh_func_end1:

所以无论你有多少局部变量(甚至在if或switch内部)，只有3880会改变为另一个值。除非你没有局部变量，否则这条指令只需要执行。所以分配局部变量没有开销。

2013-07-24 07:04:22

堆栈要快得多。它在大多数架构上只使用一条指令，在大多数情况下，例如在x86上: