Remark that the considerations are typically not about speed and performance when choosing stack versus heap allocation. The stack acts like a stack, which means it is well suited for pushing blocks and popping them again, last in, first out. Execution of procedures is also stack-like, last procedure entered is first to be exited. In most programming languages, all the variables needed in a procedure will only be visible during the procedure's execution, thus they are pushed upon entering a procedure and popped off the stack upon exit or return.

现在来看一个不能使用堆栈的例子:

Proc P
{
  pointer x;
  Proc S
  {
    pointer y;
    y = allocate_some_data();
    x = y;
  }
}

If you allocate some memory in procedure S and put it on the stack and then exit S, the allocated data will be popped off the stack. But the variable x in P also pointed to that data, so x is now pointing to some place underneath the stack pointer (assume stack grows downwards) with an unknown content. The content might still be there if the stack pointer is just moved up without clearing the data beneath it, but if you start allocating new data on the stack, the pointer x might actually point to that new data instead.

这不仅仅是堆栈分配更快。您还可以在使用堆栈变量方面获得很多好处。它们有更好的参考位置。最后，折价也便宜得多。

尽管堆分配器可以简单地使用基于堆栈的分配技术，但堆栈分配几乎总是与堆分配一样快或更快。

However, there are larger issues when dealing with the overall performance of stack vs. heap based allocation (or in slightly better terms, local vs. external allocation). Usually, heap (external) allocation is slow because it is dealing with many different kinds of allocations and allocation patterns. Reducing the scope of the allocator you are using (making it local to the algorithm/code) will tend to increase performance without any major changes. Adding better structure to your allocation patterns, for example, forcing a LIFO ordering on allocation and deallocation pairs can also improve your allocator's performance by using the allocator in a simpler and more structured way. Or, you can use or write an allocator tuned for your particular allocation pattern; most programs allocate a few discrete sizes frequently, so a heap that is based on a lookaside buffer of a few fixed (preferably known) sizes will perform extremely well. Windows uses its low-fragmentation-heap for this very reason.

另一方面，如果线程太多，在32位内存范围上基于堆栈的分配也充满了危险。堆栈需要一个连续的内存范围，因此线程越多，就需要更多的虚拟地址空间来让它们在没有堆栈溢出的情况下运行。对于64位的程序来说，这(目前)不是问题，但是对于具有大量线程的长时间运行的程序来说，它肯定会造成严重破坏。由于碎片化而导致虚拟地址空间耗尽总是一件令人痛苦的事情。

class Foo {
public:
    Foo(int a) {

    }
}
int func() {
    int a1, a2;
    std::cin >> a1;
    std::cin >> a2;

    Foo f1(a1);
    __asm push a1;
    __asm lea ecx, [this];
    __asm call Foo::Foo(int);

    Foo* f2 = new Foo(a2);
    __asm push sizeof(Foo);
    __asm call operator new;//there's a lot instruction here(depends on system)
    __asm push a2;
    __asm call Foo::Foo(int);

    delete f2;
}

It would be like this in asm. When you're in func, the f1 and pointer f2 has been allocated on stack (automated storage). And by the way, Foo f1(a1) has no instruction effects on stack pointer (esp),It has been allocated, if func wants get the member f1, it's instruction is something like this: lea ecx [ebp+f1], call Foo::SomeFunc(). Another thing the stack allocate may make someone think the memory is something like FIFO, the FIFO just happened when you go into some function, if you are in the function and allocate something like int i = 0, there no push happened.

我想说的是，实际上GCC生成的代码(我还记得VS)不需要做堆栈分配的开销。

对以下函数表示:

  int f(int i)
  {
      if (i > 0)
      {   
          int array[1000];
      }   
  }

下面是生成的代码:

  __Z1fi:
  Leh_func_begin1:
      pushq   %rbp
  Ltmp0:
      movq    %rsp, %rbp
  Ltmp1:
      subq    $**3880**, %rsp <--- here we have the array allocated, even the if doesn't excited.
  Ltmp2:
      movl    %edi, -4(%rbp)
      movl    -8(%rbp), %eax
      addq    $3880, %rsp
      popq    %rbp
      ret 
  Leh_func_end1:

所以无论你有多少局部变量(甚至在if或switch内部)，只有3880会改变为另一个值。除非你没有局部变量，否则这条指令只需要执行。所以分配局部变量没有开销。

堆栈要快得多。它在大多数架构上只使用一条指令，在大多数情况下，例如在x86上:

sub esp, 0x10

(将堆栈指针向下移动0x10个字节，从而“分配”这些字节供变量使用。)

当然，堆栈的大小是非常非常有限的，因为你很快就会发现你是否过度使用堆栈分配或尝试进行递归:-)

同样，没有什么理由去优化那些不需要它的代码的性能，比如通过分析来证明。“过早的优化”通常会导致比它本身价值更多的问题。

我的经验法则:如果我知道我将在编译时需要一些数据，并且它的大小在几百字节以下，我就会对它进行堆栈分配。否则我进行堆分配。