In the case of signed integers and right shift vs division, it can make a difference. For negative numbers, the shift rounds rounds towards negative infinity whereas division rounds towards zero. Of course the compiler will change the division to something cheaper, but it will usually change it to something that has the same rounding behavior as division, because it is either unable to prove that the variable won't be negative or it simply doesn't care. So if you can prove that a number won't be negative or if you don't care which way it will round, you can do that optimization in a way that is more likely to make a difference.

我同意德鲁·霍尔的明确回答。不过，答案可能需要一些额外的注释。

对于绝大多数软件开发人员来说，处理器和编译器已经不再与问题相关。我们大多数人远远超出了8088和MS-DOS。它可能只与那些仍在开发嵌入式处理器的人有关……

在我的软件公司，Math (add/sub/mul/div)应该用于所有数学。 当数据类型之间转换时应该使用Shift。字节长度为n>>8，而不是n/256。

简单回答:不太可能。

长一点的回答: 你的编译器有一个优化器，它知道如何像你的目标处理器体系结构一样快速地进行乘法运算。最好的办法是清楚地告诉编译器你的意图(即i*2而不是i << 1)，让它决定最快的汇编/机器码序列是什么。甚至有可能处理器本身已经将乘法指令实现为微码中的移位和加法序列。

总之，不要花太多时间担心这个。如果你想换，那就换。如果你想乘，那就乘。做语义上最清楚的事情——你的同事以后会感谢你的。或者，更有可能的是，如果你不这样做，之后会诅咒你。

移位通常比指令级的乘法快得多，但你可能会浪费时间做过早的优化。编译器可以在编译时很好地执行这些优化。自己做会影响可读性，而且可能对性能没有影响。如果您已经进行了概要分析并发现这是一个瓶颈，那么这样做可能是值得的。

实际上，这种被称为“魔法除法”的除法技巧实际上可以产生巨大的收益。同样，你应该首先分析它是否需要。但是如果你真的使用它，周围有一些有用的程序可以帮助你弄清楚相同的除法语义需要什么指令。这里有一个例子:http://www.masm32.com/board/index.php?topic=12421.0

我从MASM32上的OP线程中引用了一个例子:

include ConstDiv.inc
...
mov eax,9999999
; divide eax by 100000
cdiv 100000
; edx = quotient

会产生:

mov eax,9999999
mov edx,0A7C5AC47h
add eax,1
.if !CARRY?
    mul edx
.endif
shr edx,16

有些优化编译器无法做到，因为它们只适用于减少的输入集。

下面是c++示例代码，可以执行更快的除法，执行64位“乘倒数”。分子和分母都必须低于某个阈值。注意，它必须被编译为使用64位指令才能比普通除法更快。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <chrono>

static const unsigned s_bc = 32;
static const unsigned long long s_p = 1ULL << s_bc;
static const unsigned long long s_hp = s_p / 2;

static unsigned long long s_f;
static unsigned long long s_fr;

static void fastDivInitialize(const unsigned d)
{
    s_f = s_p / d;
    s_fr = s_f * (s_p - (s_f * d));
}

static unsigned fastDiv(const unsigned n)
{
    return (s_f * n + ((s_fr * n + s_hp) >> s_bc)) >> s_bc;
}

static bool fastDivCheck(const unsigned n, const unsigned d)
{
    // 32 to 64 cycles latency on modern cpus
    const unsigned expected = n / d;

    // At least 10 cycles latency on modern cpus
    const unsigned result = fastDiv(n);

    if (result != expected)
    {
        printf("Failed for: %u/%u != %u\n", n, d, expected);
        return false;
    }

    return true;
}

int main()
{
    unsigned result = 0;

    // Make sure to verify it works for your expected set of inputs
    const unsigned MAX_N = 65535;
    const unsigned MAX_D = 40000;

    const double ONE_SECOND_COUNT = 1000000000.0;

    auto t0 = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
    unsigned count = 0;
    printf("Verifying...\n");
    for (unsigned d = 1; d <= MAX_D; ++d)
    {
        fastDivInitialize(d);
        for (unsigned n = 0; n <= MAX_N; ++n)
        {
            count += !fastDivCheck(n, d);
        }
    }
    auto t1 = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
    printf("Errors: %u / %u (%.4fs)\n", count, MAX_D * (MAX_N + 1), (t1 - t0).count() / ONE_SECOND_COUNT);

    t0 = t1;
    for (unsigned d = 1; d <= MAX_D; ++d)
    {
        fastDivInitialize(d);
        for (unsigned n = 0; n <= MAX_N; ++n)
        {
            result += fastDiv(n);
        }
    }
    t1 = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
    printf("Fast division time: %.4fs\n", (t1 - t0).count() / ONE_SECOND_COUNT);

    t0 = t1;
    count = 0;
    for (unsigned d = 1; d <= MAX_D; ++d)
    {
        for (unsigned n = 0; n <= MAX_N; ++n)
        {
            result += n / d;
        }
    }
    t1 = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
    printf("Normal division time: %.4fs\n", (t1 - t0).count() / ONE_SECOND_COUNT);

    getchar();
    return result;
}

我也想看看我能不能打败房子。这是一个更通用的任意数乘任意数的位乘法。我做的宏比普通的乘法要慢25%到两倍。正如其他人所说，如果它接近2的倍数或由几个2的倍数组成，你可能会赢。比如由(X<<4)+(X<<2)+(X<<1)+X组成的X*23要比由(X<<6)+X组成的X*65慢。

#include <stdio.h>
#include <time.h>

#define MULTIPLYINTBYMINUS(X,Y) (-((X >> 30) & 1)&(Y<<30))+(-((X >> 29) & 1)&(Y<<29))+(-((X >> 28) & 1)&(Y<<28))+(-((X >> 27) & 1)&(Y<<27))+(-((X >> 26) & 1)&(Y<<26))+(-((X >> 25) & 1)&(Y<<25))+(-((X >> 24) & 1)&(Y<<24))+(-((X >> 23) & 1)&(Y<<23))+(-((X >> 22) & 1)&(Y<<22))+(-((X >> 21) & 1)&(Y<<21))+(-((X >> 20) & 1)&(Y<<20))+(-((X >> 19) & 1)&(Y<<19))+(-((X >> 18) & 1)&(Y<<18))+(-((X >> 17) & 1)&(Y<<17))+(-((X >> 16) & 1)&(Y<<16))+(-((X >> 15) & 1)&(Y<<15))+(-((X >> 14) & 1)&(Y<<14))+(-((X >> 13) & 1)&(Y<<13))+(-((X >> 12) & 1)&(Y<<12))+(-((X >> 11) & 1)&(Y<<11))+(-((X >> 10) & 1)&(Y<<10))+(-((X >> 9) & 1)&(Y<<9))+(-((X >> 8) & 1)&(Y<<8))+(-((X >> 7) & 1)&(Y<<7))+(-((X >> 6) & 1)&(Y<<6))+(-((X >> 5) & 1)&(Y<<5))+(-((X >> 4) & 1)&(Y<<4))+(-((X >> 3) & 1)&(Y<<3))+(-((X >> 2) & 1)&(Y<<2))+(-((X >> 1) & 1)&(Y<<1))+(-((X >> 0) & 1)&(Y<<0))
#define MULTIPLYINTBYSHIFT(X,Y) (((((X >> 30) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<30))+(((((X >> 29) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<29))+(((((X >> 28) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<28))+(((((X >> 27) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<27))+(((((X >> 26) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<26))+(((((X >> 25) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<25))+(((((X >> 24) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<24))+(((((X >> 23) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<23))+(((((X >> 22) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<22))+(((((X >> 21) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<21))+(((((X >> 20) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<20))+(((((X >> 19) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<19))+(((((X >> 18) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<18))+(((((X >> 17) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<17))+(((((X >> 16) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<16))+(((((X >> 15) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<15))+(((((X >> 14) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<14))+(((((X >> 13) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<13))+(((((X >> 12) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<12))+(((((X >> 11) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<11))+(((((X >> 10) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<10))+(((((X >> 9) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<9))+(((((X >> 8) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<8))+(((((X >> 7) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<7))+(((((X >> 6) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<6))+(((((X >> 5) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<5))+(((((X >> 4) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<4))+(((((X >> 3) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<3))+(((((X >> 2) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<2))+(((((X >> 1) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<1))+(((((X >> 0) & 1)<<31)>>31)&(Y<<0))
int main()
{
    int randomnumber=23;
    int randomnumber2=23;
    int checknum=23;
    clock_t start, diff;
    srand(time(0));
    start = clock();
    for(int i=0;i<1000000;i++)
    {
        randomnumber = rand() % 10000;
        randomnumber2 = rand() % 10000;
        checknum=MULTIPLYINTBYMINUS(randomnumber,randomnumber2);
        if (checknum!=randomnumber*randomnumber2)
        {
            printf("s %i and %i and %i",checknum,randomnumber,randomnumber2);
        }
    }
    diff = clock() - start;
    int msec = diff * 1000 / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
    printf("MULTIPLYINTBYMINUS Time %d milliseconds", msec);
    start = clock();
    for(int i=0;i<1000000;i++)
    {
        randomnumber = rand() % 10000;
        randomnumber2 = rand() % 10000;
        checknum=MULTIPLYINTBYSHIFT(randomnumber,randomnumber2);
        if (checknum!=randomnumber*randomnumber2)
        {
            printf("s %i and %i and %i",checknum,randomnumber,randomnumber2);
        }
    }
    diff = clock() - start;
    msec = diff * 1000 / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
    printf("MULTIPLYINTBYSHIFT Time %d milliseconds", msec);
    start = clock();
    for(int i=0;i<1000000;i++)
    {
        randomnumber = rand() % 10000;
        randomnumber2 = rand() % 10000;
        checknum= randomnumber*randomnumber2;
        if (checknum!=randomnumber*randomnumber2)
        {
            printf("s %i and %i and %i",checknum,randomnumber,randomnumber2);
        }
    }
    diff = clock() - start;
    msec = diff * 1000 / CLOCKS_PER_SEC;
    printf("normal * Time %d milliseconds", msec);
    return 0;
}