如何在Python中使类或方法抽象?

我尝试像这样重新定义__new__():

class F:
    def __new__(cls):
        raise Exception("Unable to create an instance of abstract class %s" %cls)

但是现在,如果我创建一个从F继承的类G,像这样:

class G(F):
    pass

然后,我也不能实例化G,因为它调用它的超类的__new__方法。

是否有更好的方法来定义抽象类?


当前回答

这里有一个不需要处理ABC模块的非常简单的方法。

在你想要成为抽象类的类的__init__方法中,你可以检查self的“类型”。如果self类型是基类,则调用者试图实例化基类,因此引发异常。这里有一个简单的例子:

class Base():
    def __init__(self):
        if type(self) is Base:
            raise Exception('Base is an abstract class and cannot be instantiated directly')
        # Any initialization code
        print('In the __init__  method of the Base class')

class Sub(Base):
    def __init__(self):
        print('In the __init__ method of the Sub class before calling __init__ of the Base class')
        super().__init__()
        print('In the __init__ method of the Sub class after calling __init__ of the Base class')

subObj = Sub()
baseObj = Base()

当运行时,它产生:

In the __init__ method of the Sub class before calling __init__ of the Base class
In the __init__  method of the Base class
In the __init__ method of the Sub class after calling __init__ of the Base class
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/irvkalb/Desktop/Demo files/Abstract.py", line 16, in <module>
    baseObj = Base()
  File "/Users/irvkalb/Desktop/Demo files/Abstract.py", line 4, in __init__
    raise Exception('Base is an abstract class and cannot be instantiated directly')
Exception: Base is an abstract class and cannot be instantiated directly

这表明您可以实例化继承自基类的子类,但不能直接实例化基类。

其他回答

晚些时候回答这里,但要回答另一个问题“如何做出抽象方法”哪一点在这里,我提供如下。

# decorators.py
def abstract(f):
    def _decorator(*_):
        raise NotImplementedError(f"Method '{f.__name__}' is abstract")
    return _decorator


# yourclass.py
class Vehicle:
    def add_energy():
       print("Energy added!")

    @abstract
    def get_make(): ...

    @abstract
    def get_model(): ...

类基类Vehicle仍然可以实例化用于单元测试(与ABC不同),并且python会引发异常。哦,是的,为了方便起见,您还可以使用此方法在异常中获得抽象的方法名。

你可以通过扩展ABC(抽象基类)来创建一个抽象类,并且可以在抽象类中使用@abstractmethod创建抽象方法,如下所示:

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Animal(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def sound(self):
        pass

并且,要使用抽象类,它应该由子类扩展,并且子类应该覆盖抽象类的抽象方法,如下所示:

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Animal(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def sound(self):
        pass

class Cat(Animal): # Extends "Animal" abstract class
    def sound(self): # Overrides "sound()" abstract method
        print("Meow!!")

obj = Cat()
obj.sound()

输出:

Meow!!

并且,抽象方法可以有code而不是pass,并且可以由子类调用,如下所示:

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Animal(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def sound(self):
        print("Wow!!") # Here

class Cat(Animal):
    def sound(self):
        super().sound() # Here
        
obj = Cat()
obj.sound()

输出:

Wow!!

而且,抽象类可以有变量和非抽象方法,可以由子类调用,非抽象方法不需要被子类覆盖,如下所示:

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Animal(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def sound(self):
        pass
    
    def __init__(self): # Here
        self.name = "John" # Here
    
    x = "Hello" # Here
    
    def test1(self): # Here
        print("Test1")
    
    @classmethod # Here
    def test2(cls):
        print("Test2")
        
    @staticmethod # Here
    def test3():
        print("Test3")

class Cat(Animal):
    def sound(self):
        print(self.name) # Here
        print(super().x) # Here
        super().test1()  # Here
        super().test2()  # Here
        super().test3()  # Here

obj = Cat()
obj.sound()

输出:

John
Hello
Test1
Test2
Test3

并且,您可以在抽象类中定义抽象类和静态方法以及抽象getter、setter和delete,如下所示。*@abstractmethod必须是最内部的装饰器,否则会发生错误,你可以看到我的回答,解释了更多关于抽象的getter, setter和delete:

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Person(ABC):

    @classmethod
    @abstractmethod # The innermost decorator
    def test1(cls):
        pass
    
    @staticmethod
    @abstractmethod # The innermost decorator
    def test2():
        pass

    @property
    @abstractmethod # The innermost decorator
    def name(self):
        pass

    @name.setter
    @abstractmethod # The innermost decorator
    def name(self, name):
        pass

    @name.deleter
    @abstractmethod # The innermost decorator
    def name(self):
        pass

然后,你需要在子类中重写它们,如下所示:

class Student(Person):
    
    def __init__(self, name):
        self._name = name
    
    @classmethod
    def test1(cls): # Overrides abstract class method
        print("Test1")
    
    @staticmethod
    def test2(): # Overrides abstract static method
        print("Test2")
    
    @property
    def name(self): # Overrides abstract getter
        return self._name
    
    @name.setter
    def name(self, name): # Overrides abstract setter
        self._name = name
    
    @name.deleter
    def name(self): # Overrides abstract deleter
        del self._name

然后,你可以实例化子类并调用它们,如下所示:

obj = Student("John") # Instantiates "Student" class
obj.test1() # Class method
obj.test2() # Static method
print(obj.name) # Getter
obj.name = "Tom" # Setter
print(obj.name) # Getter
del obj.name # Deleter
print(hasattr(obj, "name"))

输出:

Test1
Test2
John 
Tom  
False

并且,如果你尝试实例化一个抽象类,如下所示:

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Animal(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def sound(self):
        pass

obj = Animal()

出现以下错误:

不能实例化抽象类Animal与抽象方法sound

并且,如果你没有在子类中重写抽象类的抽象方法,并且你实例化了子类,如下所示:

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Animal(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def sound(self):
        pass

class Cat(Animal):
    pass # Doesn't override "sound()" abstract method

obj = Cat() # Here

出现以下错误:

不能用抽象方法实例化抽象类Cat

并且,如果你在非抽象类中定义了一个抽象方法,它没有扩展ABC,那么抽象方法是一个正常的实例方法,所以即使非抽象类被实例化,即使子类没有覆盖非抽象类的抽象方法,也不会出现错误,如下所示:

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Animal: # Doesn't extend "ABC"
    @abstractmethod # Here
    def sound(self):
        print("Wow!!")

class Cat(Animal):
    pass # Doesn't override "sound()" abstract method

obj1 = Animal() # Here
obj1.sound()

obj2 = Cat() # Here
obj2.sound()

输出:

Wow!!
Wow!!

另外,你可以替换Cat类扩展下面的Animal class:

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Animal(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def sound(self):
        pass

# ↓↓↓ Here ↓↓↓

class Cat(Animal):
    def sound(self):
        print("Meow!!")

# ↑↑↑ Here ↑↑↑

print(issubclass(Cat, Animal))

下面是register()代码:

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Animal(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def sound(self):
        pass

# ↓↓↓ Here ↓↓↓

class Cat:
    def sound(self):
        print("Meow!!")
        
Animal.register(Cat)

# ↑↑↑ Here ↑↑↑

print(issubclass(Cat, Animal))

然后,上面的两个代码输出下面相同的结果,显示Cat class是Animal class的子类:

True

使用abc模块创建抽象类。使用abstractmethod装饰器来声明方法抽象,并使用三种方法之一来声明类抽象,具体取决于您的Python版本。

在Python 3.4及以上版本中,可以从ABC继承。在早期版本的Python中,需要将类的元类指定为ABCMeta。指定元类在Python 3和Python 2中有不同的语法。三种可能性如下所示:

# Python 3.4+
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
class Abstract(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def foo(self):
        pass
# Python 3.0+
from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
class Abstract(metaclass=ABCMeta):
    @abstractmethod
    def foo(self):
        pass
# Python 2
from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
class Abstract:
    __metaclass__ = ABCMeta

    @abstractmethod
    def foo(self):
        pass

无论使用哪种方式,都不能实例化具有抽象方法的抽象类,但可以实例化提供这些方法的具体定义的子类:

>>> Abstract()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: Can't instantiate abstract class Abstract with abstract methods foo
>>> class StillAbstract(Abstract):
...     pass
... 
>>> StillAbstract()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: Can't instantiate abstract class StillAbstract with abstract methods foo
>>> class Concrete(Abstract):
...     def foo(self):
...         print('Hello, World')
... 
>>> Concrete()
<__main__.Concrete object at 0x7fc935d28898>

这个将在python3中工作

from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod

class Abstract(metaclass=ABCMeta):

    @abstractmethod
    def foo(self):
        pass

Abstract()
>>> TypeError: Can not instantiate abstract class Abstract with abstract methods foo

在你的代码片段中,你也可以通过在子类中提供__new__方法的实现来解决这个问题,类似地:

def G(F):
    def __new__(cls):
        # do something here

但这是一个黑客,我建议你不要这样做,除非你知道你在做什么。对于几乎所有的情况,我建议您使用abc模块,在我之前的其他人已经建议过了。

同样,当你创建一个新的(基)类时,让它成为子类对象,就像这样:我不知道它是否还有那么重要,但它有助于保持代码的风格一致性