使用abc模块创建抽象类。使用abstractmethod装饰器来声明方法抽象，并使用三种方法之一来声明类抽象，具体取决于您的Python版本。

在Python 3.4及以上版本中，可以从ABC继承。在早期版本的Python中，需要将类的元类指定为ABCMeta。指定元类在Python 3和Python 2中有不同的语法。三种可能性如下所示:

# Python 3.4+
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
class Abstract(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def foo(self):
        pass

# Python 3.0+
from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
class Abstract(metaclass=ABCMeta):
    @abstractmethod
    def foo(self):
        pass

# Python 2
from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
class Abstract:
    __metaclass__ = ABCMeta

    @abstractmethod
    def foo(self):
        pass

无论使用哪种方式，都不能实例化具有抽象方法的抽象类，但可以实例化提供这些方法的具体定义的子类:

>>> Abstract()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: Can't instantiate abstract class Abstract with abstract methods foo
>>> class StillAbstract(Abstract):
...     pass
... 
>>> StillAbstract()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: Can't instantiate abstract class StillAbstract with abstract methods foo
>>> class Concrete(Abstract):
...     def foo(self):
...         print('Hello, World')
... 
>>> Concrete()
<__main__.Concrete object at 0x7fc935d28898>

Most Previous answers were correct but here is the answer and example for Python 3.7. Yes, you can create an abstract class and method. Just as a reminder sometimes a class should define a method which logically belongs to a class, but that class cannot specify how to implement the method. For example, in the below Parents and Babies classes they both eat but the implementation will be different for each because babies and parents eat a different kind of food and the number of times they eat is different. So, eat method subclasses overrides AbstractClass.eat.

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class AbstractClass(ABC):

    def __init__(self, value):
        self.value = value
        super().__init__()

    @abstractmethod
    def eat(self):
        pass

class Parents(AbstractClass):
    def eat(self):
        return "eat solid food "+ str(self.value) + " times each day"

class Babies(AbstractClass):
    def eat(self):
        return "Milk only "+ str(self.value) + " times or more each day"

food = 3    
mom = Parents(food)
print("moms ----------")
print(mom.eat())

infant = Babies(food)
print("infants ----------")
print(infant.eat())

输出:

moms ----------
eat solid food 3 times each day
infants ----------
Milk only 3 times or more each day

这个将在python3中工作

from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod

class Abstract(metaclass=ABCMeta):

    @abstractmethod
    def foo(self):
        pass

Abstract()
>>> TypeError: Can not instantiate abstract class Abstract with abstract methods foo

这里有一个不需要处理ABC模块的非常简单的方法。

在你想要成为抽象类的类的__init__方法中，你可以检查self的“类型”。如果self类型是基类，则调用者试图实例化基类，因此引发异常。这里有一个简单的例子:

class Base():
    def __init__(self):
        if type(self) is Base:
            raise Exception('Base is an abstract class and cannot be instantiated directly')
        # Any initialization code
        print('In the __init__  method of the Base class')

class Sub(Base):
    def __init__(self):
        print('In the __init__ method of the Sub class before calling __init__ of the Base class')
        super().__init__()
        print('In the __init__ method of the Sub class after calling __init__ of the Base class')

subObj = Sub()
baseObj = Base()

当运行时，它产生:

In the __init__ method of the Sub class before calling __init__ of the Base class
In the __init__  method of the Base class
In the __init__ method of the Sub class after calling __init__ of the Base class
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/irvkalb/Desktop/Demo files/Abstract.py", line 16, in <module>
    baseObj = Base()
  File "/Users/irvkalb/Desktop/Demo files/Abstract.py", line 4, in __init__
    raise Exception('Base is an abstract class and cannot be instantiated directly')
Exception: Base is an abstract class and cannot be instantiated directly

这表明您可以实例化继承自基类的子类，但不能直接实例化基类。

你也可以利用__new__方法。你只是忘记了一些东西。 __new__方法总是返回new对象，所以你必须返回它的超类的new方法。请按照以下步骤操作。

class F:
    def __new__(cls):
        if cls is F:
            raise TypeError("Cannot create an instance of abstract class '{}'".format(cls.__name__))
        return super().__new__(cls)

在使用新方法时，必须返回对象，而不是None关键字。这就是你错过的。

只是对@TimGilbert老派回答的一个快速补充…你可以让你的抽象基类的init()方法抛出一个异常，这将阻止它被实例化，不是吗?

>>> class Abstract(object):
...     def __init__(self):
...         raise NotImplementedError("You can't instantiate this class!")
...
>>> a = Abstract()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<stdin>", line 3, in __init__
NotImplementedError: You can't instantiate this class!