如何在Python中使类或方法抽象?
我尝试像这样重新定义__new__():
class F:
def __new__(cls):
raise Exception("Unable to create an instance of abstract class %s" %cls)
但是现在，如果我创建一个从F继承的类G，像这样:
class G(F):
pass
然后，我也不能实例化G，因为它调用它的超类的__new__方法。
是否有更好的方法来定义抽象类?
当前回答
Most Previous answers were correct but here is the answer and example for Python 3.7. Yes, you can create an abstract class and method. Just as a reminder sometimes a class should define a method which logically belongs to a class, but that class cannot specify how to implement the method. For example, in the below Parents and Babies classes they both eat but the implementation will be different for each because babies and parents eat a different kind of food and the number of times they eat is different. So, eat method subclasses overrides AbstractClass.eat.
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
class AbstractClass(ABC):
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value
super().__init__()
@abstractmethod
def eat(self):
pass
class Parents(AbstractClass):
def eat(self):
return "eat solid food "+ str(self.value) + " times each day"
class Babies(AbstractClass):
def eat(self):
return "Milk only "+ str(self.value) + " times or more each day"
food = 3
mom = Parents(food)
print("moms ----------")
print(mom.eat())
infant = Babies(food)
print("infants ----------")
print(infant.eat())
输出:
moms ----------
eat solid food 3 times each day
infants ----------
Milk only 3 times or more each day
其他回答
使用abc模块创建抽象类。使用abstractmethod装饰器来声明方法抽象，并使用三种方法之一来声明类抽象，具体取决于您的Python版本。
在Python 3.4及以上版本中，可以从ABC继承。在早期版本的Python中，需要将类的元类指定为ABCMeta。指定元类在Python 3和Python 2中有不同的语法。三种可能性如下所示:
# Python 3.4+
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
class Abstract(ABC):
@abstractmethod
def foo(self):
pass
# Python 3.0+
from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
class Abstract(metaclass=ABCMeta):
@abstractmethod
def foo(self):
pass
# Python 2
from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
class Abstract:
__metaclass__ = ABCMeta
@abstractmethod
def foo(self):
pass
无论使用哪种方式，都不能实例化具有抽象方法的抽象类，但可以实例化提供这些方法的具体定义的子类:
>>> Abstract()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: Can't instantiate abstract class Abstract with abstract methods foo
>>> class StillAbstract(Abstract):
... pass
...
>>> StillAbstract()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: Can't instantiate abstract class StillAbstract with abstract methods foo
>>> class Concrete(Abstract):
... def foo(self):
... print('Hello, World')
...
>>> Concrete()
<__main__.Concrete object at 0x7fc935d28898>
在你的代码片段中，你也可以通过在子类中提供__new__方法的实现来解决这个问题，类似地:
def G(F):
def __new__(cls):
# do something here
但这是一个黑客，我建议你不要这样做，除非你知道你在做什么。对于几乎所有的情况，我建议您使用abc模块，在我之前的其他人已经建议过了。
同样，当你创建一个新的(基)类时，让它成为子类对象，就像这样:我不知道它是否还有那么重要，但它有助于保持代码的风格一致性
这里有一个不需要处理ABC模块的非常简单的方法。
在你想要成为抽象类的类的__init__方法中，你可以检查self的“类型”。如果self类型是基类，则调用者试图实例化基类，因此引发异常。这里有一个简单的例子:
class Base():
def __init__(self):
if type(self) is Base:
raise Exception('Base is an abstract class and cannot be instantiated directly')
# Any initialization code
print('In the __init__ method of the Base class')
class Sub(Base):
def __init__(self):
print('In the __init__ method of the Sub class before calling __init__ of the Base class')
super().__init__()
print('In the __init__ method of the Sub class after calling __init__ of the Base class')
subObj = Sub()
baseObj = Base()
当运行时，它产生:
In the __init__ method of the Sub class before calling __init__ of the Base class
In the __init__ method of the Base class
In the __init__ method of the Sub class after calling __init__ of the Base class
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/Users/irvkalb/Desktop/Demo files/Abstract.py", line 16, in <module>
baseObj = Base()
File "/Users/irvkalb/Desktop/Demo files/Abstract.py", line 4, in __init__
raise Exception('Base is an abstract class and cannot be instantiated directly')
Exception: Base is an abstract class and cannot be instantiated directly
这表明您可以实例化继承自基类的子类，但不能直接实例化基类。
老式的(pre-PEP 3119)方法是在调用抽象方法时在抽象类中引发NotImplementedError。
class Abstract(object):
def foo(self):
raise NotImplementedError('subclasses must override foo()!')
class Derived(Abstract):
def foo(self):
print 'Hooray!'
>>> d = Derived()
>>> d.foo()
Hooray!
>>> a = Abstract()
>>> a.foo()
Traceback (most recent call last): [...]
它没有像使用abc模块那样好的属性。您仍然可以实例化抽象基类本身，并且直到在运行时调用抽象方法时才会发现错误。
但是如果您处理的是一小组简单类，可能只有几个抽象方法，那么这种方法比费力地查阅abc文档要容易一些。
Most Previous answers were correct but here is the answer and example for Python 3.7. Yes, you can create an abstract class and method. Just as a reminder sometimes a class should define a method which logically belongs to a class, but that class cannot specify how to implement the method. For example, in the below Parents and Babies classes they both eat but the implementation will be different for each because babies and parents eat a different kind of food and the number of times they eat is different. So, eat method subclasses overrides AbstractClass.eat.
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
class AbstractClass(ABC):
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value
super().__init__()
@abstractmethod
def eat(self):
pass
class Parents(AbstractClass):
def eat(self):
return "eat solid food "+ str(self.value) + " times each day"
class Babies(AbstractClass):
def eat(self):
return "Milk only "+ str(self.value) + " times or more each day"
food = 3
mom = Parents(food)
print("moms ----------")
print(mom.eat())
infant = Babies(food)
print("infants ----------")
print(infant.eat())
输出:
moms ----------
eat solid food 3 times each day
infants ----------
Milk only 3 times or more each day
