如何在Python中使类或方法抽象?
我尝试像这样重新定义__new__():
class F:
def __new__(cls):
raise Exception("Unable to create an instance of abstract class %s" %cls)
但是现在，如果我创建一个从F继承的类G，像这样:
class G(F):
pass
然后，我也不能实例化G，因为它调用它的超类的__new__方法。
是否有更好的方法来定义抽象类?
当前回答
晚些时候回答这里，但要回答另一个问题“如何做出抽象方法”哪一点在这里，我提供如下。
# decorators.py
def abstract(f):
def _decorator(*_):
raise NotImplementedError(f"Method '{f.__name__}' is abstract")
return _decorator
# yourclass.py
class Vehicle:
def add_energy():
print("Energy added!")
@abstract
def get_make(): ...
@abstract
def get_model(): ...
类基类Vehicle仍然可以实例化用于单元测试(与ABC不同)，并且python会引发异常。哦，是的，为了方便起见，您还可以使用此方法在异常中获得抽象的方法名。
其他回答
我发现公认的答案和其他答案都很奇怪，因为它们把self传递给了一个抽象类。抽象类没有实例化，所以不能有self。
试试这个吧，很管用。
from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
class Abstract(metaclass=ABCMeta):
@staticmethod
@abstractmethod
def foo():
"""An abstract method. No need to write pass"""
class Derived(Abstract):
def foo(self):
print('Hooray!')
FOO = Derived()
FOO.foo()
正如在其他答案中解释的那样，是的，您可以使用abc模块在Python中使用抽象类。下面我给出了一个实际的例子，使用抽象的@classmethod， @property和@abstractmethod(使用Python 3.6+)。对我来说，通常更容易从例子开始，我可以很容易地复制和粘贴;我希望这个答案对其他人也有用。
让我们首先创建一个基类base:
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
class Base(ABC):
@classmethod
@abstractmethod
def from_dict(cls, d):
pass
@property
@abstractmethod
def prop1(self):
pass
@property
@abstractmethod
def prop2(self):
pass
@prop2.setter
@abstractmethod
def prop2(self, val):
pass
@abstractmethod
def do_stuff(self):
pass
我们的基类总是有一个from_dict类方法，一个属性prop1(只读)和一个属性prop2(也可以设置)，以及一个名为do_stuff的函数。现在基于Base构建的任何类都必须实现所有这四个方法/属性。请注意，对于一个抽象的方法，需要两个装饰器——classmethod和abstract property。
现在我们可以像这样创建一个a类:
class A(Base):
def __init__(self, name, val1, val2):
self.name = name
self.__val1 = val1
self._val2 = val2
@classmethod
def from_dict(cls, d):
name = d['name']
val1 = d['val1']
val2 = d['val2']
return cls(name, val1, val2)
@property
def prop1(self):
return self.__val1
@property
def prop2(self):
return self._val2
@prop2.setter
def prop2(self, value):
self._val2 = value
def do_stuff(self):
print('juhu!')
def i_am_not_abstract(self):
print('I can be customized')
所有必需的方法/属性都实现了，当然，我们还可以添加其他不属于Base的函数(这里:i_am_not_abstract)。
现在我们可以做:
a1 = A('dummy', 10, 'stuff')
a2 = A.from_dict({'name': 'from_d', 'val1': 20, 'val2': 'stuff'})
a1.prop1
# prints 10
a1.prop2
# prints 'stuff'
正如期望的那样，我们不能设置prop1:
a.prop1 = 100
将返回
AttributeError:不能设置属性
我们的from_dict方法也可以很好地工作:
a2.prop1
# prints 20
如果我们现在像这样定义第二个类B:
class B(Base):
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
@property
def prop1(self):
return self.name
并尝试像这样实例化一个对象:
b = B('iwillfail')
我们会得到一个错误
不能用抽象方法实例化抽象类B Do_stuff, from_dict, prop2
列出所有在Base中定义的东西，这些东西我们没有在B中实现。
Most Previous answers were correct but here is the answer and example for Python 3.7. Yes, you can create an abstract class and method. Just as a reminder sometimes a class should define a method which logically belongs to a class, but that class cannot specify how to implement the method. For example, in the below Parents and Babies classes they both eat but the implementation will be different for each because babies and parents eat a different kind of food and the number of times they eat is different. So, eat method subclasses overrides AbstractClass.eat.
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
class AbstractClass(ABC):
def __init__(self, value):
self.value = value
super().__init__()
@abstractmethod
def eat(self):
pass
class Parents(AbstractClass):
def eat(self):
return "eat solid food "+ str(self.value) + " times each day"
class Babies(AbstractClass):
def eat(self):
return "Milk only "+ str(self.value) + " times or more each day"
food = 3
mom = Parents(food)
print("moms ----------")
print(mom.eat())
infant = Babies(food)
print("infants ----------")
print(infant.eat())
输出:
moms ----------
eat solid food 3 times each day
infants ----------
Milk only 3 times or more each day
from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
#Abstract class and abstract method declaration
class Jungle(metaclass=ABCMeta):
#constructor with default values
def __init__(self, name="Unknown"):
self.visitorName = name
def welcomeMessage(self):
print("Hello %s , Welcome to the Jungle" % self.visitorName)
# abstract method is compulsory to defined in child-class
@abstractmethod
def scarySound(self):
pass
这个方法也很简单:
class A_abstract(object):
def __init__(self):
# quite simple, old-school way.
if self.__class__.__name__ == "A_abstract":
raise NotImplementedError("You can't instantiate this abstract class. Derive it, please.")
class B(A_abstract):
pass
b = B()
# here an exception is raised:
a = A_abstract()
