如何在Python中使类或方法抽象?

我尝试像这样重新定义__new__():

class F:
    def __new__(cls):
        raise Exception("Unable to create an instance of abstract class %s" %cls)

但是现在,如果我创建一个从F继承的类G,像这样:

class G(F):
    pass

然后,我也不能实例化G,因为它调用它的超类的__new__方法。

是否有更好的方法来定义抽象类?


当前回答

 from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod

 #Abstract class and abstract method declaration
 class Jungle(metaclass=ABCMeta):
     #constructor with default values
     def __init__(self, name="Unknown"):
     self.visitorName = name

     def welcomeMessage(self):
         print("Hello %s , Welcome to the Jungle" % self.visitorName)

     # abstract method is compulsory to defined in child-class
     @abstractmethod
     def scarySound(self):
         pass

其他回答

正如在其他答案中解释的那样,是的,您可以使用abc模块在Python中使用抽象类。下面我给出了一个实际的例子,使用抽象的@classmethod, @property和@abstractmethod(使用Python 3.6+)。对我来说,通常更容易从例子开始,我可以很容易地复制和粘贴;我希望这个答案对其他人也有用。

让我们首先创建一个基类base:

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Base(ABC):

    @classmethod
    @abstractmethod
    def from_dict(cls, d):
        pass
    
    @property
    @abstractmethod
    def prop1(self):
        pass

    @property
    @abstractmethod
    def prop2(self):
        pass

    @prop2.setter
    @abstractmethod
    def prop2(self, val):
        pass

    @abstractmethod
    def do_stuff(self):
        pass

我们的基类总是有一个from_dict类方法,一个属性prop1(只读)和一个属性prop2(也可以设置),以及一个名为do_stuff的函数。现在基于Base构建的任何类都必须实现所有这四个方法/属性。请注意,对于一个抽象的方法,需要两个装饰器——classmethod和abstract property。

现在我们可以像这样创建一个a类:

class A(Base):
    def __init__(self, name, val1, val2):
        self.name = name
        self.__val1 = val1
        self._val2 = val2

    @classmethod
    def from_dict(cls, d):
        name = d['name']
        val1 = d['val1']
        val2 = d['val2']

        return cls(name, val1, val2)

    @property
    def prop1(self):
        return self.__val1

    @property
    def prop2(self):
        return self._val2

    @prop2.setter
    def prop2(self, value):
        self._val2 = value

    def do_stuff(self):
        print('juhu!')

    def i_am_not_abstract(self):
        print('I can be customized')

所有必需的方法/属性都实现了,当然,我们还可以添加其他不属于Base的函数(这里:i_am_not_abstract)。

现在我们可以做:

a1 = A('dummy', 10, 'stuff')
a2 = A.from_dict({'name': 'from_d', 'val1': 20, 'val2': 'stuff'})

a1.prop1
# prints 10

a1.prop2
# prints 'stuff'

正如期望的那样,我们不能设置prop1:

a.prop1 = 100

将返回

AttributeError:不能设置属性

我们的from_dict方法也可以很好地工作:

a2.prop1
# prints 20

如果我们现在像这样定义第二个类B:

class B(Base):
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name

    @property
    def prop1(self):
        return self.name

并尝试像这样实例化一个对象:

b = B('iwillfail')

我们会得到一个错误

不能用抽象方法实例化抽象类B Do_stuff, from_dict, prop2

列出所有在Base中定义的东西,这些东西我们没有在B中实现。

这个方法也很简单:

class A_abstract(object):

    def __init__(self):
        # quite simple, old-school way.
        if self.__class__.__name__ == "A_abstract": 
            raise NotImplementedError("You can't instantiate this abstract class. Derive it, please.")

class B(A_abstract):

        pass

b = B()

# here an exception is raised:
a = A_abstract()
 from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod

 #Abstract class and abstract method declaration
 class Jungle(metaclass=ABCMeta):
     #constructor with default values
     def __init__(self, name="Unknown"):
     self.visitorName = name

     def welcomeMessage(self):
         print("Hello %s , Welcome to the Jungle" % self.visitorName)

     # abstract method is compulsory to defined in child-class
     @abstractmethod
     def scarySound(self):
         pass

我发现公认的答案和其他答案都很奇怪,因为它们把self传递给了一个抽象类。抽象类没有实例化,所以不能有self。

试试这个吧,很管用。

from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod


class Abstract(metaclass=ABCMeta):
    @staticmethod
    @abstractmethod
    def foo():
        """An abstract method. No need to write pass"""


class Derived(Abstract):
    def foo(self):
        print('Hooray!')


FOO = Derived()
FOO.foo()

你可以通过扩展ABC(抽象基类)来创建一个抽象类,并且可以在抽象类中使用@abstractmethod创建抽象方法,如下所示:

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Animal(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def sound(self):
        pass

并且,要使用抽象类,它应该由子类扩展,并且子类应该覆盖抽象类的抽象方法,如下所示:

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Animal(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def sound(self):
        pass

class Cat(Animal): # Extends "Animal" abstract class
    def sound(self): # Overrides "sound()" abstract method
        print("Meow!!")

obj = Cat()
obj.sound()

输出:

Meow!!

并且,抽象方法可以有code而不是pass,并且可以由子类调用,如下所示:

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Animal(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def sound(self):
        print("Wow!!") # Here

class Cat(Animal):
    def sound(self):
        super().sound() # Here
        
obj = Cat()
obj.sound()

输出:

Wow!!

而且,抽象类可以有变量和非抽象方法,可以由子类调用,非抽象方法不需要被子类覆盖,如下所示:

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Animal(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def sound(self):
        pass
    
    def __init__(self): # Here
        self.name = "John" # Here
    
    x = "Hello" # Here
    
    def test1(self): # Here
        print("Test1")
    
    @classmethod # Here
    def test2(cls):
        print("Test2")
        
    @staticmethod # Here
    def test3():
        print("Test3")

class Cat(Animal):
    def sound(self):
        print(self.name) # Here
        print(super().x) # Here
        super().test1()  # Here
        super().test2()  # Here
        super().test3()  # Here

obj = Cat()
obj.sound()

输出:

John
Hello
Test1
Test2
Test3

并且,您可以在抽象类中定义抽象类和静态方法以及抽象getter、setter和delete,如下所示。*@abstractmethod必须是最内部的装饰器,否则会发生错误,你可以看到我的回答,解释了更多关于抽象的getter, setter和delete:

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Person(ABC):

    @classmethod
    @abstractmethod # The innermost decorator
    def test1(cls):
        pass
    
    @staticmethod
    @abstractmethod # The innermost decorator
    def test2():
        pass

    @property
    @abstractmethod # The innermost decorator
    def name(self):
        pass

    @name.setter
    @abstractmethod # The innermost decorator
    def name(self, name):
        pass

    @name.deleter
    @abstractmethod # The innermost decorator
    def name(self):
        pass

然后,你需要在子类中重写它们,如下所示:

class Student(Person):
    
    def __init__(self, name):
        self._name = name
    
    @classmethod
    def test1(cls): # Overrides abstract class method
        print("Test1")
    
    @staticmethod
    def test2(): # Overrides abstract static method
        print("Test2")
    
    @property
    def name(self): # Overrides abstract getter
        return self._name
    
    @name.setter
    def name(self, name): # Overrides abstract setter
        self._name = name
    
    @name.deleter
    def name(self): # Overrides abstract deleter
        del self._name

然后,你可以实例化子类并调用它们,如下所示:

obj = Student("John") # Instantiates "Student" class
obj.test1() # Class method
obj.test2() # Static method
print(obj.name) # Getter
obj.name = "Tom" # Setter
print(obj.name) # Getter
del obj.name # Deleter
print(hasattr(obj, "name"))

输出:

Test1
Test2
John 
Tom  
False

并且,如果你尝试实例化一个抽象类,如下所示:

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Animal(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def sound(self):
        pass

obj = Animal()

出现以下错误:

不能实例化抽象类Animal与抽象方法sound

并且,如果你没有在子类中重写抽象类的抽象方法,并且你实例化了子类,如下所示:

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Animal(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def sound(self):
        pass

class Cat(Animal):
    pass # Doesn't override "sound()" abstract method

obj = Cat() # Here

出现以下错误:

不能用抽象方法实例化抽象类Cat

并且,如果你在非抽象类中定义了一个抽象方法,它没有扩展ABC,那么抽象方法是一个正常的实例方法,所以即使非抽象类被实例化,即使子类没有覆盖非抽象类的抽象方法,也不会出现错误,如下所示:

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Animal: # Doesn't extend "ABC"
    @abstractmethod # Here
    def sound(self):
        print("Wow!!")

class Cat(Animal):
    pass # Doesn't override "sound()" abstract method

obj1 = Animal() # Here
obj1.sound()

obj2 = Cat() # Here
obj2.sound()

输出:

Wow!!
Wow!!

另外,你可以替换Cat类扩展下面的Animal class:

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Animal(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def sound(self):
        pass

# ↓↓↓ Here ↓↓↓

class Cat(Animal):
    def sound(self):
        print("Meow!!")

# ↑↑↑ Here ↑↑↑

print(issubclass(Cat, Animal))

下面是register()代码:

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class Animal(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def sound(self):
        pass

# ↓↓↓ Here ↓↓↓

class Cat:
    def sound(self):
        print("Meow!!")
        
Animal.register(Cat)

# ↑↑↑ Here ↑↑↑

print(issubclass(Cat, Animal))

然后,上面的两个代码输出下面相同的结果,显示Cat class是Animal class的子类:

True