如何在Python中使类或方法抽象?

我尝试像这样重新定义__new__():

class F:
    def __new__(cls):
        raise Exception("Unable to create an instance of abstract class %s" %cls)

但是现在,如果我创建一个从F继承的类G,像这样:

class G(F):
    pass

然后,我也不能实例化G,因为它调用它的超类的__new__方法。

是否有更好的方法来定义抽象类?


当前回答

在你的代码片段中,你也可以通过在子类中提供__new__方法的实现来解决这个问题,类似地:

def G(F):
    def __new__(cls):
        # do something here

但这是一个黑客,我建议你不要这样做,除非你知道你在做什么。对于几乎所有的情况,我建议您使用abc模块,在我之前的其他人已经建议过了。

同样,当你创建一个新的(基)类时,让它成为子类对象,就像这样:我不知道它是否还有那么重要,但它有助于保持代码的风格一致性

其他回答

Most Previous answers were correct but here is the answer and example for Python 3.7. Yes, you can create an abstract class and method. Just as a reminder sometimes a class should define a method which logically belongs to a class, but that class cannot specify how to implement the method. For example, in the below Parents and Babies classes they both eat but the implementation will be different for each because babies and parents eat a different kind of food and the number of times they eat is different. So, eat method subclasses overrides AbstractClass.eat.

from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

class AbstractClass(ABC):

    def __init__(self, value):
        self.value = value
        super().__init__()

    @abstractmethod
    def eat(self):
        pass

class Parents(AbstractClass):
    def eat(self):
        return "eat solid food "+ str(self.value) + " times each day"

class Babies(AbstractClass):
    def eat(self):
        return "Milk only "+ str(self.value) + " times or more each day"

food = 3    
mom = Parents(food)
print("moms ----------")
print(mom.eat())

infant = Babies(food)
print("infants ----------")
print(infant.eat())

输出:

moms ----------
eat solid food 3 times each day
infants ----------
Milk only 3 times or more each day

在你的代码片段中,你也可以通过在子类中提供__new__方法的实现来解决这个问题,类似地:

def G(F):
    def __new__(cls):
        # do something here

但这是一个黑客,我建议你不要这样做,除非你知道你在做什么。对于几乎所有的情况,我建议您使用abc模块,在我之前的其他人已经建议过了。

同样,当你创建一个新的(基)类时,让它成为子类对象,就像这样:我不知道它是否还有那么重要,但它有助于保持代码的风格一致性

晚些时候回答这里,但要回答另一个问题“如何做出抽象方法”哪一点在这里,我提供如下。

# decorators.py
def abstract(f):
    def _decorator(*_):
        raise NotImplementedError(f"Method '{f.__name__}' is abstract")
    return _decorator


# yourclass.py
class Vehicle:
    def add_energy():
       print("Energy added!")

    @abstract
    def get_make(): ...

    @abstract
    def get_model(): ...

类基类Vehicle仍然可以实例化用于单元测试(与ABC不同),并且python会引发异常。哦,是的,为了方便起见,您还可以使用此方法在异常中获得抽象的方法名。

使用abc模块创建抽象类。使用abstractmethod装饰器来声明方法抽象,并使用三种方法之一来声明类抽象,具体取决于您的Python版本。

在Python 3.4及以上版本中,可以从ABC继承。在早期版本的Python中,需要将类的元类指定为ABCMeta。指定元类在Python 3和Python 2中有不同的语法。三种可能性如下所示:

# Python 3.4+
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
class Abstract(ABC):
    @abstractmethod
    def foo(self):
        pass
# Python 3.0+
from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
class Abstract(metaclass=ABCMeta):
    @abstractmethod
    def foo(self):
        pass
# Python 2
from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod
class Abstract:
    __metaclass__ = ABCMeta

    @abstractmethod
    def foo(self):
        pass

无论使用哪种方式,都不能实例化具有抽象方法的抽象类,但可以实例化提供这些方法的具体定义的子类:

>>> Abstract()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: Can't instantiate abstract class Abstract with abstract methods foo
>>> class StillAbstract(Abstract):
...     pass
... 
>>> StillAbstract()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: Can't instantiate abstract class StillAbstract with abstract methods foo
>>> class Concrete(Abstract):
...     def foo(self):
...         print('Hello, World')
... 
>>> Concrete()
<__main__.Concrete object at 0x7fc935d28898>
 from abc import ABCMeta, abstractmethod

 #Abstract class and abstract method declaration
 class Jungle(metaclass=ABCMeta):
     #constructor with default values
     def __init__(self, name="Unknown"):
     self.visitorName = name

     def welcomeMessage(self):
         print("Hello %s , Welcome to the Jungle" % self.visitorName)

     # abstract method is compulsory to defined in child-class
     @abstractmethod
     def scarySound(self):
         pass